Professional paradox: identity formation in qualified doctors pursuing further training.

Context: Many newly qualified specialists and subspecialists pursue additional training. Although their motivations are many, the pursuit of further training as an alternative to unemployment is an emerging trend. Paradoxically, doctors continue as trainees with a consultant's credentials, and without the guarantee of eventual employment.

Socioeconomic status and HIV vaccine preparedness studies in North America.

Educational level, employment, and income are key components of socioeconomic status (SES). This article is a systematic review of SES variables in North American countries, and their relationship to willingness to participate (WTP) and retention in a hypothetical preventive phase 3 HIV vaccine trial and in actual HIV vaccine trials. Men who have sex with men (MSM) tended to have higher educational levels, be more employed, and had higher income levels than injection drug users (IDU) and women at heterosexual risk (WAHR).

Effect of race/ethnicity on participation in HIV vaccine trials and comparison to other trials of biomedical prevention.

Introduction: Racial/ethnic minorities are underrepresented in actual HIV vaccine trials in North America, and willingness to participate (WTP) and retention in an HIV vaccine trial may differ from that in Whites.

Methods: In this review, the authors identified HIV vaccine preparedness studies (VPS) in North America in high-risk populations that examined the relationship between race/ethnicity and WTP in a preventive phase 3 HIV vaccine trial, and the relationship to retention. Studies were categorized by risk group, and comparison group (Whites vs.

Motivators to participation in actual HIV vaccine trials.

An examination of actual HIV vaccine trials can contribute to an understanding of motivators for participation in these studies. Analysis of these motivators reveals that they can be categorized as social and personal benefits. Social benefits are generally altruistic, whereas personal benefits are psychological, physical, and financial.

Barriers to participation in actual HIV vaccine trials.

Cognitive barriers to participation in actual HIV vaccine trials have not been previously comprehensively reviewed. In this review article, barriers in actual early phase, phase 2B, and phase 3 HIV vaccine trials are quantified and categorized, and compared between the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and the non-OECD countries. Participation rates were standardized to allow for comparisons.

Impact of a regional distributed medical education program on an underserved community: perceptions of community leaders.

Purpose: To describe community leaders' perceptions regarding the impact of a fully distributed undergraduate medical education program on a small, medically underserved host community.

Method: The authors conducted semistructured interviews in 2007 with 23 community leaders representing, collectively, the education, health, economic, media, and political sectors. They reinterviewed six participants from a pilot study (2005) and recruited new participants using purposeful and snowball sampling.

Barriers to Participation in Actual HIV Vaccine Trials.

Cognitive barriers to participation in actual HIV vaccine trials have not been previously comprehensively reviewed. In this review article, barriers in actual early phase, phase 2B, and phase 3 HIV vaccine trials are quantified and categorized, and compared between the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and the non-OECD countries. Participation rates were standardized to allow for comparisons.

Motivators to participation in medical trials: the application of social and personal categorization.

The Health Belief Model provides a framework to understand motivators for volunteering for medical research. Motivators can take the form of social and personal benefits. In this systematic review of review articles, we contrast motivators of participation in actual cancer trials to those in actual HIV vaccine trials.

Using psychological principles to narrow the intention-behavior gap and increase participation in HIV vaccine trials.

There is a pressing need to find an efficacious HIV vaccine and a concomitant need for the recruitment of participants in efficacy trials. These efforts are hampered, however, by a gap between what respondents say they will do regarding research participation, and whether they actually enroll. The current paper examines the size of this gap and proposes psychological reasons for it.

Helping students reflect: lessons from cognitive psychology.

The challenges of teaching students to reflect on experience and, thus, learn from it, are better understood with the application of constructs from cognitive psychology. The present paper focuses on two such constructs-self-schemas and scripts-to help educators better understand both the threats and opportunities associated with effective reflection. Emotion is presented as an important accompaniment to reflection.

Cognitive factors and willingness to participate in an HIV vaccine trial among HIV-positive injection drug users.

There are gaps in our knowledge of the role cognitive factors play in determining people's willingness to participate (WTP) in therapeutic HIV vaccine trials. Using a cross-sectional study of HIV-positive injection drug users (IDU), we determined the role of three cognitive factors: HIV treatment optimism, self-efficacy beliefs, and knowledge of vaccine trial concepts in relation to WTP in a hypothetical phase 3 therapeutic HIV vaccine trial. WTP was 54%.

Exploring the role of social capital in supporting a regional medical education campus.

Introduction: To help address physician shortages in the underserved community of Prince George, Canada, the University of British Columbia (UBC) and various partners created the Northern Medical Program (NMP), a regional distributed site of UBC's medical doctor undergraduate program. Early research on the impacts of the NMP revealed a high degree of social connectedness. The objective of the present study was to explore the role of social capital in supporting the regional training site and the benefits accrued to a broad range of stakeholders and network partners.

Barriers of enrolment in HIV vaccine trials: a review of HIV vaccine preparedness studies.

Barriers to participation in an HIV vaccine trial have been examined in many HIV vaccine preparedness studies (VPS). These barriers can be understood in terms of the locus of the barrier (personal vs. social) and the nature of the barrier (risk vs.

Motivators of enrolment in HIV vaccine trials: a review of HIV vaccine preparedness studies.

HIV vaccine preparedness studies (VPS) are important precursors to HIV vaccine trials. As well, they contribute to an understanding of motivators and barriers for participation in hypothetical HIV vaccine trials. Motivators can take the form of altruism and a desire for social benefits.

A review of the psychometric properties of the CRAFFT instrument: 1999-2010.

Introduction: Alcohol (AUD) and other substance use disorders (SUD) are common among adolescents. The CRAFFT (Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble, 1999) was developed as a brief screening instrument for adolescents to measure AUD and SUD. This systematic review examines the psychometric properties of the CRAFFT.

Nurturing social responsibility through community service-learning: Lessons learned from a pilot project.

Background: Community service-learning (CSL) has been proposed as one way to enrich medical and dental students' sense of social responsibility toward people who are marginalized in society.

Aim: We developed and implemented a new CSL option in the integrated medical/dental curriculum and assessed its educational impact.

Methods: Focus groups, individual open-ended interviews, and a survey were used to assess dental students', faculty tutors' and community partners' experiences with CSL.

Validation of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry isotope dilution method for the determination of 2-butoxyethanol and other common glycol ethers in consumer products.

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry isotope dilution (GC-MS ID) method was developed and tested for the determination of 14 common glycol ethers in consumer products. Stable isotope labelled standards, 2-methoxyethanol-D(7) and 2-butoxyethanol-(13)C(2) (CDN isotopes) were employed to enhance the accuracy and precision of the glycol ethers determination. A 1000-fold sample dilution with methanol was applied to avoid column overload and contamination.

Cognitive factors and willingness to participate in an HIV vaccine trial among HIV-negative injection drug users.

This cross-sectional study involving a cohort of injection drug users (IDU) examined the relationship between cognitive factors (HIV treatment optimism, self-efficacy and knowledge of vaccine trial concepts) as well as risk factors for seroconversion, and willingness to participate (WTP) in a preventive phase 3 HIV vaccine trial. Willingness to participate overall was 56%. In a multivariate analysis, for a 20-unit increase in a 100-point composite scale, self-efficacy was positively related to WTP (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=1.

Determinants of condom use: results of the Canadian Community Health Survey 3.1.

Objectives: To examine the independent effects of mood disorder, age, race/ethnicity, personal income, being a current student, having a regular medical doctor and substance use in relationship to condom use at last intercourse in a Canadian population stratified by sex.

Methods: We used Cycle 3.1 of the 2006 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS 3.

Difficult incidents and tutor interventions in problem-based learning tutorials.

Context: Tutors report difficult incidents and distressing conflicts that adversely affect learning in their problem-based learning (PBL) groups. Faculty development (training) and peer support should help them to manage this. Yet our understanding of these problems and how to deal with them often seems inadequate to help tutors.