Prenatal alcohol exposure in the Republic of the Congo: prevalence and screening strategies.

Objective: To determine prevalence of prenatal alcohol use in Brazzaville, Congo and to evaluate a prenatal screening tool for use in this population.

Methods: A prospective population screening program of 3099 women at 10 prenatal care clinics in Brazzaville, Congo using the 1-Question screen. To validate the 1-Question screen in this population we screened 764 of these women again using the T-ACE as a gold standard for comparison study.

Multidimensional health locus of control in American Indians: the strong heart study.

Objective: Observe and record the demographic and anthropomorphic correlates of health beliefs in American Indians using the multidimensional health locus of control (MHLC) scale.

Design: Self-administration or interview rating of Form B of the MHLC scale.

Setting: Arizona, Oklahoma, and Dakota branches of The Strong Heart Study

Participants: 3665 participants (1468 men and 2197 women) aged 15 to 93 years (average 39.

Hospitalizations of children who have fetal alcohol syndrome or incomplete fetal alcohol syndrome.

Introduction: The study describes the hospitalization rates and medical diagnoses of children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and incomplete FAS.

Methods: Two retrospective case-control studies were conducted of Northern Plains American Indian children with FAS or incomplete FAS identified from 1981-93 by using the ICD-9-CM code 760.71.

Characteristics of children whose siblings have fetal alcohol syndrome or incomplete fetal alcohol syndrome.

Objective: To describe the clinical features of American Indian children born just before and just after a sibling with fetal alcohol syndrome or incomplete fetal alcohol syndrome.

Methods: Two retrospective case-control studies were conducted of Northern Plains American Indian children with fetal alcohol syndrome or incomplete fetal alcohol syndrome identified from 1981 to 1993 by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 760.71.

Alcohol use, injuries, and prenatal visits during three successive pregnancies among American Indian women on the Northern Plains who have children with fetal alcohol syndrome or incomplete fetal alcohol syndrome.

Introduction: The purpose of the study was to compare three sequential pregnancies of American Indian women who have children with FAS or children with incomplete FAS with women who did not have children with FAS.

Methods: Two retrospective case-control studies were conducted of Northern Plains American Indian children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) (Study 1) or incomplete FAS (Study 2) in 1981-1993. Three successive pregnancies ending in live births of 43 case mothers who had children with FAS, and 35 case mothers who had children with incomplete FAS were compared to the pregnancies of 86 and 70 control mothers who did not have children with FAS, respectively, in the two studies.

Characteristics of grandmothers who have grandchildren with fetal alcohol syndrome or incomplete fetal alcohol syndrome.

Introduction: Characteristics of Northern Plains American Indian maternal grandmothers who had grandchildren with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or incomplete FAS are described to more effectively prevent fetal FAS and alcohol use during pregnancy.

Methods: Study 1 had 27 maternal grandmothers who had grandchildren with FAS and Study 2 had 18 grandmothers with grandchildren who had incomplete FAS (cases) which were compared with 119 maternal grandmothers who had grandchildren without FAS (controls). The grandchildren were born between 1981 and 1993 on the Northern Plains.

Factors predictive of alcohol use during pregnancy in three rural states.

Background: A substance use screening instrument was used to determine factors predictive of drinking during pregnancy. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can lead to negative birth outcomes.

Methods: The participants (n = 4,828) for the study were sampled from pregnant women attending prenatal clinics in Montana, South Dakota, and North Dakota.

Validity and reliability of the audit and CAGE-AID in Northern Plains American Indians.

According to the Indian Health Service, substance abuse and Type 2 diabetes are serious problems among Native Americans. To assess substance use in a medical setting, valid screening tests are needed so the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), a simple brief screen for excessive drinking, and the CAGE-adapted to Include Drugs (CAGE-AID) for identifying primary care patients with alcohol and drug disorders were given 50 Northern Plains American Indians with diabetes. Both are short, easy to administer, have good sensitivity and specificity, and can be easily incorporated into a medical history protocol or intake procedure.

Characteristics of children who have full or incomplete fetal alcohol syndrome.

Objective: To describe the clinical features and hospitalization rates of American Indian children with full or incomplete fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

Study Design: Two retrospective case-control studies were conducted of Northern Plains American Indian children with presumed FAS identified from 1981 to 1993 by using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), code 760.71.

Formative evaluation of a multisite alcohol consumption intervention in pregnant women.

The purpose of this preliminary study was to conduct an analysis of the time spent in intervention activities designed to decrease alcohol consumption in high-risk pregnant women across three States. Based on the program's logic model an intervention dosage form was developed specifically for the process evaluation. The form enabled the researchers to generate six client measures of intervention dosage.

Risk factors for alcohol use during pregnancy in a multistate area.

A substance use screening instrument was used to select persons into two risk categories for drinking during pregnancy. About one-fourth (23.8%) of the survey participants were classified as high-risk women and the others were classified as low risk for drinking when pregnant.

Validity and reliability of the general well-being schedule with northern plains American Indians diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The General Well-being Schedule is a brief indicator of subjective feelings of psychological well-being and distress. It is easy to administer, reliable, and valid, although its validity with American Indians has not been established. This study then assessed reliability, validity, and factor structure for a sample of 88 diabetic American Indians, who sought care for diabetes at an Indian Health Service hospital.

Characteristics of mothers who have children with fetal alcohol syndrome or some characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome.

Background: Health care providers can more effectively prevent fetal alcohol syndrome and prenatal alcohol exposure if they know more about mothers who have children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or some characteristics of FAS.

Methods: We conducted two retrospective case-control studies of Northern Plains Indian children with FAS and some characteristics of FAS diagnosed from 1981 to 1993 by using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), code 760.71.