Human T lymphocyte migration towards the supernatants of human rhinovirus infected airway epithelial cells: influence of exercise and carbohydrate intake.

Physical stress induces a marked redistribution of T lymphocytes that may be influenced by carbohydrate (CHO) availability, yet the effect of these on T lymphocyte migration towards infected tissue is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of strenuous exercise and CHO ingestion on subsequent ex vivo lymphocyte migration towards the supernatants of a Human Rhinovirus (HRV)-infected bronchial epithelial cell line. In a randomised, cross-over, double-blind design, 7 trained males ran for 2 h at 60% VO2peak on two occasions with regular ingestion of either a 6.

The effect of caffeine ingestion on human neutrophil oxidative burst responses following time-trial cycling.

Following fixed-duration exercise of submaximal intensity, caffeine ingestion is associated with an attenuation of the exercise-induced decline in N-formyl-methionyl-phenyl-alanine (f-MLP) stimulated neutrophil oxidative burst. However, the response following high-intensity exhaustive exercise is unknown. Nine endurance-trained male cyclists ingested 6 mg caffeine or placebo per kilogram of body mass 60 min before cycling for 90 min at 70% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and then performing a time-trial requiring an energy expenditure equivalent to 30 min cycling at 70% maximum power output.

Immunoendocrine response to cycling following ingestion of caffeine and carbohydrate.

Purpose: This study investigated the effect of caffeine consumed with and without carbohydrate (CHO) on immunoendocrine responses after exercise.

Methods: On four occasions, 12 recreational male cyclists cycled for 2 h at 65% V O2max. Sixty minutes before exercise, participants ingested 6 mg.

Connecting funds with quality outcomes in health care: a blueprint for a Clinical Practice Improvement Payment.

There are significant geographic variations in the quality of health care, often with substantial gaps between what is known to be achievable and what is actually achieved in practice. This is a global problem that has persisted for many years despite a variety of conventional quality improvement initiatives. Attention has therefore recently turned to realignment of funding with specified levels of desired quality of care as an alternative.

Effect of caffeine supplementation on the extracellular heat shock protein 72 response to exercise.

The stimulus for the release of 72-kDa heat shock protein (HSP72) during exercise in humans is currently unclear. Recent evidence in an animal model is suggestive of an involvement of catecholamines. The present study, therefore, investigated the effect of caffeine supplementation, a known stimulator of sympathetic activity, on the extracellular (e)HSP72 response to prolonged exercise.

The effect of caffeine ingestion on neutrophil oxidative burst responses following prolonged cycling.

This study investigated the effect of caffeine ingestion on neutrophil oxidative burst responses to prolonged cycling. In a two part study, 19 endurance trained male cyclists (Part A--11; Part B--8) performed 90 min of exercise at 70% VO2max 1 h after ingesting 6 mg/kg body mass of caffeine (CAF) or placebo (PLA). CAF ingestion had no effect on the PMA-stimulated oxidative burst response (Part A), yet it attenuated the exercise-induced decline in f-MLP stimulated response that occurred with PLA (Part B).

Salivary IgA responses to prolonged intensive exercise following caffeine ingestion.

Purpose: Prolonged, intensive exercise is associated with a reduction in concentration and secretion of salivary IgA (s-IgA). Saliva composition and secretion are under autonomic nervous system control, and caffeine ingestion, a widespread practice among athletes for its ergogenic properties, is associated with increased sympathetic nervous system activation. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of caffeine ingestion on s-IgA responses to prolonged, intensive exercise.

Lymphocyte responses to influenza and tetanus toxoid in vitro following intensive exercise and carbohydrate ingestion on consecutive days.

The effect of carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion on antigen- (rather than mitogen-) stimulated T-cell responses to prolonged, intensive exercise may give a more realistic insight into the effect of CHO on T-cell functional capacity and subsequent infection risk. This study investigated the effect of CHO ingestion during prolonged, intensive exercise on influenza- and tetanus toxoid-stimulated T-cell cytokine mRNA expression and proliferation. Mitogen- [phytohemagglutinin (PHA)] stimulated proliferation was assessed for comparison.