Identifying interaction types and functionality for automated vehicle virtual assistants: An exploratory study using speech acts cluster analysis.

Onboard virtual assistants with the ability to converse with users are gaining favour in supporting effective human-machine interaction to meet safe standards of operation in automated vehicles (AVs). Previous studies have highlighted the need to communicate situation information to effectively support the transfer of control and responsibility of the driving task. This study explores 'interaction types' used for this complex human-machine transaction, by analysing how situation information is conveyed and reciprocated during a transfer of control scenario.

Examining pedestrians' trust in automated vehicles based on attributes of trust: A qualitative study.

Pedestrians' trust in automated vehicles (AVs) needs to be analyzed and deconstructed to update it from its current broad concept into several lower-level attributes for assessment and measurement. In this study, we have employed virtual reality (VR) and scenario-based interviews to examine the trust of pedestrians toward AVs, based on the attributes of trust and trustworthiness. A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive thematic analysis of the responses of 36 participants was undertaken.

A randomized clinical study to assess the performance of a marketed denture adhesive in a model of food infiltration in healthy, edentulous adults.

Objectives: An optimized food infiltration methodology was utilized to assess the objective and subjective efficacy of a marketed denture adhesive regarding denture dislodgment and infiltration and perception of food particles under maxillary and mandibular dentures. A pilot study helped optimize methodologies before the efficacy study.

Materials And Methods: Participants were healthy adults (n =48 for both studies) with fair- to well-fitting and well-made full maxillary and mandibular dentures.

U can't touch this! Face touching behaviour whilst driving: implications for health, hygiene and human factors.

Analysis of thirty-one hours of video-data documenting 36 experienced drivers highlighted the prevalence of face-touching, with 819 contacts identified (mean frequency: 26.4 face touches/hour (FT/h); mean duration: 3.9-seconds).

Interdental and subgingival microbiota may affect the tongue microbial ecology and oral malodour in health, gingivitis and periodontitis.

Background And Objective: Oral malodour is often observed in gingivitis and chronic periodontitis patients, and the tongue microbiota is thought to play a major role in malodorous gas production, including volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) such as hydrogen sulphide (H S) and methanethiol (CH SH). This study aimed to examine the link between the presence of VSCs in mouth air (as a marker of oral malodour) and the oral bacterial ecology in the tongue and periodontal niches of healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis patients.

Methods: Participants were clinically assessed using plaque index, bleeding on probing (BOP) and periodontal probing depths, and VSC concentrations in their oral cavity measured using a portable gas chromatograph.

Isolating the Effect of Off-Road Glance Duration on Driving Performance: An Exemplar Study Comparing HDD and HUD in Different Driving Scenarios.

Objective: We controlled participants' glance behavior while using head-down displays (HDDs) and head-up displays (HUDs) to isolate driving behavioral changes due to use of different display types across different driving environments.

Background: Recently, HUD technology has been incorporated into vehicles, allowing drivers to, in theory, gather display information without moving their eyes away from the road. Previous studies comparing the impact of HUDs with traditional displays on human performance show differences in both drivers' visual attention and driving performance.

Determining the impact of augmented reality graphic spatial location and motion on driver behaviors.

While researchers have explored benefits of adding augmented reality graphics to vehicle displays, the impact of graphic characteristics have not been well researched. In this paper, we consider the impact of augmented reality graphic spatial location and motion, as well as turn direction, traffic presence, and gender, on participant driving and glance behavior and preferences. Twenty-two participants navigated through a simulated environment while using four different graphics.

Gait Parameters Measured from Wearable Sensors Reliably Detect Freezing of Gait in a Stepping in Place Task.

Freezing of gait (FOG), a debilitating symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), can be safely studied using the stepping in place (SIP) task. However, clinical, visual identification of FOG during SIP is subjective and time consuming, and automatic FOG detection during SIP currently requires measuring the center of pressure on dual force plates. This study examines whether FOG elicited during SIP in 10 individuals with PD could be reliably detected using kinematic data measured from wearable inertial measurement unit sensors (IMUs).

Exploring the effectiveness of a digital voice assistant to maintain driver alertness in partially automated vehicles.

Objective: Vehicle automation shifts the driver's role from active operator to passive observer at the potential cost of degrading their alertness. This study investigated the role of an in-vehicle voice-based assistant (VA; conversing about traffic/road environment) to counter the disengaging and fatiguing effects of automation.

Method: Twenty-four participants undertook two drives- with and without VA in a partially automated vehicle.

Efficacy of an Experimental Occlusion Technology Toothpaste in the Relief of Dentinal Hypersensitivity: An 8-week Randomised Controlled Trial.

Purpose: A novel anhydrous toothpaste formulation has been developed containing the anti-dentinal hypersensitivity (DH) ingredient stannous fluoride (SnF2).

Materials And Methods: This randomised, controlled, examiner-blind, parallel-group, stratified (by baseline Schiff sensitivity score) study compared efficacy of an experimental 'Test' toothpaste (n = 67) containing 0.454% SnF2, 0.

A Perceptual Color-Matching Method for Examining Color Blending in Augmented Reality Head-Up Display Graphics.

Augmented reality (AR) offers new ways to visualize information on-the-go. As noted in related work, AR graphics presented via optical see-through AR displays are particularly prone to color blending, whereby intended graphic colors may be perceptually altered by real-world backgrounds, ultimately degrading usability. This work adds to this body of knowledge by presenting a methodology for assessing AR interface color robustness, as quantitatively measured via shifts in the CIE color space, and qualitatively assessed in terms of users' perceived color name.

A randomised oral fluoride retention study comparing intra-oral kinetics of fluoride-containing dentifrices before and after dietary acid exposure.

Objective: This exploratory, randomised, single-blind, crossover, study evaluated fluoride and calcium ion concentrations and pH following use of one of two 1450 ppm fluoride (NaF), 5% w/w KNO dentifrices: (1) test dentifrice (with cocamidopropyl betaine) with an orange juice (OJ) rinse; (2) test dentifrice with a deionized (DI) water rinse or (3) comparator dentifrice (with sodium lauryl sulphate and tetrasodium pyrophosphate) with an OJ rinse.

Design: Eighteen participants used their assigned dentifrice, rinsed with DI water, then expectorate was collected. Sixty min post-brushing, participants rinsed with OJ or DI water then expectorate was collected.

In situ efficacy of an experimental toothpaste on enamel rehardening and prevention of demineralisation: a randomised, controlled trial.

Background: A novel sodium fluoride toothpaste containing lactate ion and polyvinylmethylether-maleic anhydride has been developed to promote enamel remineralisation and resistance to demineralisation. In this in situ study, we compared this toothpaste ('Test') with a stannous fluoride-zinc citrate (SnF-Zn) toothpaste ('Reference') (both 1100-1150 ppm fluoride) and a fluoride-free toothpaste ('Placebo') using an enamel dental erosion-rehardening model.

Methods: In each phase of this randomised, investigator-blind, crossover study, participants wore palatal appliances holding bovine enamel specimens with erosive lesions.

Impact of toothpaste on oral health-related quality of life in people with dentine hypersensitivity.

Background: Dentine hypersensitivity can impact functional status and everyday activities such as eating and talking. This study aimed to assess changes in oral health-related quality of life measures in individuals with dentine hypersensitivity following long-term use (24 weeks) of a commercially available toothpaste marketed for dentine hypersensitivity relief.

Methods: This study was conducted across two sites and enrolled 75 adults with ≥2 non-adjacent sensitive teeth.

A randomized clinical study to evaluate the effect of denture adhesive application technique on food particle accumulation under dentures.

Food ingress under dentures is a common problem that may be reduced by denture adhesive use. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of the mode of application of a denture adhesive on reducing accumulation of food particles under dentures. This was a single-centre, controlled, single-blind, randomized, three-treatment, three-period, crossover study in participants with complete, removable well-fitting, well-made upper/lower dentures.

Feel the noise: Mid-air ultrasound haptics as a novel human-vehicle interaction paradigm.

Focussed ultrasound can be used to create the sensation of touch in mid-air. Combined with gestures, this can provide haptic feedback to guide users, thereby overcoming the lack of agency associated with pure gestural interfaces, and reducing the need for vision - it is therefore particularly apropos of the driving domain. In a counter-balanced 2 × 2 driving simulator study, a traditional in-vehicle touchscreen was compared with a virtual mid-air gestural interface, both with and without ultrasound haptics.

A randomised bite force study assessing two currently marketed denture adhesive products compared with no-adhesive control.

Unlike other oral care products, there are limited technologies in the denture adhesive category with the majority based on polymethyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride (PVM/MA) polymer. Carbomer-based denture adhesives are less well studied, and there are few clinical studies directly comparing performance of denture adhesives based on different technologies. This single-centre, randomised, three-treatment, three-period, examiner-blind, crossover study compared a carbomer-based denture adhesive (Test adhesive) with a PVM/MA-based adhesive (Reference adhesive) and no adhesive using incisal bite force measurements (area over baseline over 12 hr; AOB) in participants with a well-made and at least moderately well-fitting complete maxillary denture.

Evaluating secondary input devices to support an automotive touchscreen HMI: A cross-cultural simulator study conducted in the UK and China.

Touchscreen Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) are a well-established and popular choice to provide the primary control interface between driver and vehicle, yet inherently demand some visual attention. Employing a secondary device with the touchscreen may reduce the demand but there is some debate about which device is most suitable, with current manufacturers favouring different solutions and applying these internationally. We present an empirical driving simulator study, conducted in the UK and China, in which 48 participants undertook typical in-vehicle tasks utilising either a touchscreen, rotary-controller, steering-wheel-controls or touchpad.

Randomized Controlled Clinical Study to Determine the Oral and Dermal Tolerability of an Experimental Denture Wipe.

Purpose: To evaluate oral and dermal tolerance following use and user acceptability of an experimental denture-cleansing wipe. An exploratory objective was to develop a method to assess denture wipe effectiveness in removing debris from denture surfaces.

Materials And Methods: This was a single-center, randomized, controlled, parallel-group, examiner-blind study in participants with ≥1 full/partial denture.

Randomized exploratory study to measure ion release from calcium sodium phosphosilicate-containing dentifrice.

This exploratory study investigated salivary concentrations of silicon, calcium, sodium, and phosphorous over a 60-min time period following the use of a calcium sodium phosphosilicate (CSPS)-containing dentifrice. Participants brushed with a dentifrice containing 5% (w/w) or 0% (w/w) CSPS or swilled with a slurry containing 5% (w/w) CSPS/glycerol. Saliva samples were collected before, and 2, 5, 15, and 60 min after, product use and were analysed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy.

Effect of phytate and zinc ions on fluoride toothpaste efficacy using an in situ caries model.

Objectives: To compare and explore the dose-response of phytate-containing 1150 ppm fluoride toothpastes on model caries lesions and to determine the impact of zinc ions.

Methods: This was a single-centre, randomised, blinded (examiner/laboratory analyst), six-treatment, four-period crossover, in situ study in adults with a removable bilateral maxillary partial denture. Study treatments were toothpastes containing: 0.

Effects of a sodium fluoride- and phytate-containing dentifrice on remineralisation of enamel erosive lesions-an in situ randomised clinical study.

Objective: The objective of this work was to evaluate effects of a dentifrice containing sodium fluoride (1150 ppm F) and the organic polyphosphate phytate (0.85% w/w of the hexa-sodium salt) on in situ remineralisation of early enamel erosive lesions and resistance to subsequent demineralisation.

Materials And Methods: Subjects (n = 62) wore palatal appliances holding eight bovine enamel specimens with pre-formed erosive lesions.

A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the stain removal efficacy of a sodium phytate dentifrice formulation.

Objectives: Phytate is an organic, cyclic polyphosphate analogous to linear condensed polyphosphates used as stain removal agents. This study investigated stain removal efficacy of an experimental sodium phytate-containing dentifrice compared to a reference dentifrice.

Methods: An experimental, moderate abrasivity (relative dentine abrasivity [RDA] ∼130) antisensitivity fluoride dentifrice containing sodium phytate (0.

Distributed Cognition on the road: Using EAST to explore future road transportation systems.

Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) are set to revolutionise the way in which we use our transportation system. However, we do not fully understand how the integration of wireless and autonomous technology into the road transportation network affects overall network dynamism. This paper uses the theoretical principles underlying Distributed Cognition to explore the dependencies and interdependencies that exist between system agents located within the road environment, traffic management centres and other external agencies in both non-connected and connected transportation systems.