Effects of including a palmitic acid-enriched supplement in low and high starch diets on milk production and energy partitioning of primiparous and multiparous dairy cows between mid and late-lactation.

The aim of our study was to assess the effects of low or high-starch diets with or without palmitic acid (C16:0) supplementation on the yield of milk, milk components, and energy partitioning of primiparous and multiparous dairy cows between mid and late-lactation. Thirty-two Holstein cows, 12 primiparous ([mean ± SD] 163 ± 33 d in milk) and 20 multiparous ([mean ± SD] 179 ± 37 d in milk), were used in a split-plot Latin square design. Parity was considered the main plot, and within each plot, treatments were then randomly assigned in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with 21 d periods and balanced for carryover effects.

Comparing antibody assays as correlates of protection against COVID-19 in the COVE mRNA-1273 vaccine efficacy trial.

The best assay or marker to define mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced antibodies as a correlate of protection (CoP) is unclear. In the COVE trial, participants received two doses of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine or placebo. We previously assessed IgG binding antibodies to the spike protein (spike IgG) or receptor binding domain (RBD IgG) and pseudovirus neutralizing antibody 50 or 80% inhibitory dilution titer measured on day 29 or day 57, as correlates of risk (CoRs) and CoPs against symptomatic COVID-19 over 4 months after dose.

Ibuprofen impairs capsulolabral healing in a rat model of anterior glenohumeral instability.

Background: Failure of glenoid labrum and capsular healing after glenohumeral dislocation can lead to persistent shoulder instability. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the healing glenoid labrum and capsule after glenohumeral dislocation in a rat model.

Methods: Sixty-six rats had surgically induced anterior-inferior labral tears and anterior glenohumeral dislocation.

Chikungunya virus infection in Cynomolgus macaques following Intradermal and aerosol exposure.

Background: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is transmitted via mosquito bite and potentially by aerosol, causing chikungunya fever and arthritic disease in humans. There are currently no licensed vaccines or antiviral therapeutics to protect against CHIKV infection in humans. Animal models recapitulating human disease, especially for transmission by aerosol, are needed for licensure of such medical countermeasures.

The Three-Portal Technique in Arthroscopic Lateral Epicondylitis Release.

Lateral epicondylitis, commonly referred to as tennis elbow, is a syndrome characterized by pain over the origin of the common extensor muscles of the fingers, hand and wrist at the lateral epicondyle. Reports of 70-90% response to conservative treatment at one year have been documented in the literature though refractory cases often require surgical management. Arthroscopic treatment of lateral epicondylitis allows for intra-articular visualization for concomitant pathology and localization of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis tendon.

Short communication: Effects of prill size of a palmitic acid-enriched fat supplement on the yield of milk and milk components, and nutrient digestibility of dairy cows.

The objective of our experiment was to evaluate the effects of prill size of a palmitic acid-enriched fatty acid supplement (PA; 85% C16:0) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and production responses of dairy cows. Twenty-four primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows were assigned based on parity and production level to replicated 4×4 Latin squares balanced for carryover effects with 21-d periods. Treatments were a control diet (no added PA), or 2.

Ectromelia Virus Disease Characterization in the BALB/c Mouse: A Surrogate Model for Assessment of Smallpox Medical Countermeasures.

In 2007, the United States- Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued guidance concerning animal models for testing the efficacy of medical countermeasures against variola virus (VARV), the etiologic agent for smallpox. Ectromelia virus (ECTV) is naturally-occurring and responsible for severe mortality and morbidity as a result of mousepox disease in the murine model, displaying similarities to variola infection in humans. Due to the increased need of acceptable surrogate animal models for poxvirus disease, we have characterized ECTV infection in the BALB/c mouse.

Role of Tetrasomy for the Diagnosis of Urothelial Carcinoma Using UroVysion Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization.

Context: -UroVysion fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is routinely used to detect urothelial carcinoma (UC). A positive threshold is defined as chromosome polysomy in 4 or more cells, which also includes tetrasomy, a natural product of cell division.

Objectives: -To evaluate tetrasomy for UC detection and explore the relation to the surgical diagnosis or patient history.

Dehalogenation of arenes via SN2 reactions at bromine: competition with nucleophilic aromatic substitution.

The gas-phase reactions of carbon- and nitrogen-centered nucleophiles with polyfluorobromobenzenes were examined in a selected-ion flow tube (SIFT) and modeled computationally at the MP2/6-31+G(d,p)//MP2/6-31+G(d) level. In the gas-phase experiments, rate constants and branching ratios were determined. The carbon nucleophiles produce expected nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) and proton transfer products along with unexpected products that result from SN2 reactions at the bromine center (polyfluorophenide leaving group).

Cytology specimens offer an effective alternative to formalin-fixed tissue as demonstrated by novel automated detection for ALK break-apart FISH testing and immunohistochemistry in lung adenocarcinoma.

Background: Minimally invasive sampling by cytology or core needle biopsy often provides an initial diagnosis for treatment in patients with lung nodules. From these limited specimens, multiple molecular studies are frequently requested. Current guidelines from the US Food and Drug Administration recommend using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections for the detection of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Functional improvement after humeral shaft nonunion in a patient with glenohumeral ankylosis.

Functionally limiting heterotopic ossification about the shoulder represents an uncommon clinical entity, which has been most commonly reported as a consequence of prolonged immobilization in intensive care unit patients. Severe cases may result in complete glenohumeral ankylosis, with resultant upper extremity motion through the scapulothoracic joint, and significant functional consequences. We report the case of a 72-year-old male with spontaneous glenohumeral ankylosis who suffered a humeral shaft fracture with resultant painless nonunion.

An accelerated exposure and testing apparatus for building joint sealants.

The design, fabrication, and implementation of a computer-controlled exposure and testing apparatus for building joint sealants are described in this paper. This apparatus is unique in its ability to independently control and monitor temperature, relative humidity, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and mechanical deformation. Each of these environmental factors can be controlled precisely over a wide range of conditions during periods of a month or more.

Implantation and monitoring of a novel telemetry unit in the Syrian golden hamster model.

Radiotelemetry allows for real-time remote monitoring of biological parameters in freely moving laboratory animals. The HD-X11 transmitter is a novel telemetry device that enables simultaneous collection of body temperature, activity, blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), and other biopotentials in small animal models. Previously, researchers could only collect either blood pressure or ECG parameters; prioritizing the signal of most interest or increasing the number of animals on study to capture both signals at one time.

C-H bond strengths and acidities in aromatic systems: effects of nitrogen incorporation in mono-, di-, and triazines.

The negative ion chemistry of five azine molecules has been investigated using the combined experimental techniques of negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy to obtain electron affinities (EA) and tandem flowing afterglow-selected ion tube (FA-SIFT) mass spectrometry to obtain deprotonation enthalpies (Δ(acid)H(298)). The measured Δ(acid)H(298) for the most acidic site of each azine species is combined with the EA of the corresponding radical in a thermochemical cycle to determine the corresponding C-H bond dissociation energy (BDE). The site-specific C-H BDE values of pyridine, 1,2-diazine, 1,3-diazine, 1,4-diazine, and 1,3,5-triazine are 110.

Gas phase reactions of 1,3,5-triazine: proton transfer, hydride transfer, and anionic σ-adduct formation.

The gas phase reactivity of 1,3,5-triazine with several oxyanions and carbanions, as well as amide, was evaluated using a flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube mass spectrometer. Isotopic labeling, H/D exchange, and collision induced dissociation experiments were conducted to facilitate the interpretation of structures and fragmentation processes. A multi-step (→ HCN + HC(2)N (2) (-) → CN(-) + 2 HCN) and/or single-step (→ CN(-) + 2 HCN) ring-opening collision-induced fragmentation process appears to exist for 1,3,5-triazinide.

Inhibition of Lassa virus and Ebola virus infection in host cells treated with the kinase inhibitors genistein and tyrphostin.

Arenaviruses and filoviruses are capable of causing hemorrhagic fever syndrome in humans. Limited therapeutic and/or prophylactic options are available for humans suffering from viral hemorrhagic fever. In this report, we demonstrate that pre-treatment of host cells with the kinase inhibitors genistein and tyrphostin AG1478 leads to inhibition of infection or transduction in cells infected with Ebola virus, Marburg virus, and Lassa virus.

Experimental validation of the α-effect in the gas phase.

The α-effect-enhanced nucleophilicity of an anion with a lone pair of electrons adjacent to the attacking atom-has been well documented in solution; however, there is continuing disagreement about whether this effect is a purely solvent-induced phenomenon or an intrinsic property of the α-nucleophiles. To resolve these discrepancies, we explore the α-effect in the bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction in the gas phase. Our results show enhanced nucleophilicity for HOO(-) relative to "normal" alkoxides in three separate reaction series (methyl fluoride, anisole, and 4-fluoroanisole), validating an intrinsic origin of the α-effect.

Genistein, a general kinase inhibitor, as a potential antiviral for arenaviral hemorrhagic fever as described in the Pirital virus-Syrian golden hamster model.

Arenaviruses are rodent-borne negative strand RNA viruses and infection of these viruses in humans may result in disease and hemorrhagic fever. To date, supportive care, ribavirin, and in some cases immune plasma remain the foremost treatment options for arenaviral hemorrhagic fever. Research with the hemorrhagic fever causing-arenaviruses usually requires a Biosafety level (BSL)-4 environment; however, surrogate animal model systems have been developed to preliminarily study and screen various vaccines and antivirals.

A direct comparison of reactivity and mechanism in the gas phase and in solution.

Direct comparisons of the reactivity and mechanistic pathways for anionic systems in the gas phase and in solution are presented. Rate constants and kinetic isotope effects for the reactions of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and tert-butyl iodide with cyanide ion in the gas phase, as well as for the reactions of methyl and ethyl iodide with cyanide ion in several solvents, are reported. In addition to measuring the perdeutero kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for each reaction, the secondary alpha- and beta-deuterium KIEs were determined for the ethyl iodide reaction.

Glutamate co-release at GABA/glycinergic synapses is crucial for the refinement of an inhibitory map.

Many nonglutamatergic synaptic terminals in the mammalian brain contain the vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGLUT3), indicating that they co-release the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. However, the functional role of glutamate co-transmission at these synapses is poorly understood. In the auditory system, VGLUT3 expression and glutamate co-transmission are prominent in a developing GABA/glycinergic sound-localization pathway.

A microRNA expression ratio defining the invasive phenotype in bladder tumors.

Objective: The goal of this study was to identify a microRNA (miRNA) signature in bladder cancer capable of differentiating superficial from invasive disease.

Methods: Expression profiling of 343 miRNAs was performed in a microarray format using noninvasive and invasive bladder carcinoma cell lines with differential expression confirmed using a single molecule detection platform assay. miR-21 and miR-205 expression levels were determined in 53 bladder tumors (28 superficial and 25 invasive).

Generation of a transgenic zebrafish model of Tauopathy using a novel promoter element derived from the zebrafish eno2 gene.

The aim of this study was to isolate cis-acting regulatory elements for the generation of transgenic zebrafish models of neurodegeneration. Zebrafish enolase-2 (eno2) showed neuronal expression increasing from 24 to 72 h post-fertilization (hpf) and persisting through adulthood. A 12 kb eno2 genomic fragment, extending from 8 kb upstream of exon 1 to exon 2, encompassing intron 1, was sufficient to drive neuronal reporter gene expression in vivo over a similar time course.

Zebrafish DJ-1 is evolutionarily conserved and expressed in dopaminergic neurons.

Loss-of-function mutations in the human PARK7 gene, encoding DJ-1, are a rare cause of autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (ARPD). To facilitate generation of a novel vertebrate model, in which to examine the biochemical functions of DJ-1 in vivo, we cloned and characterized the zebrafish orthologue of DJ-1 (zDJ-1). The 0.

A single-molecule method for the quantitation of microRNA gene expression.

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are short endogenous noncoding RNA molecules that regulate fundamental cellular processes such as cell differentiation, cell proliferation and apoptosis through modulation of gene expression. Critical to understanding the role of miRNAs in this regulation is a method to rapidly and accurately quantitate miRNA gene expression. Existing methods lack sensitivity, specificity and typically require upfront enrichment, ligation and/or amplification steps.