Measuring 8 to 12 year old children's self-report of power imbalance in relation to bullying: development of the Scale of Perceived Power Imbalance.

Background: While power imbalance is now recognized as a key component of bullying, reliable and valid measurement instruments have yet to be developed. This research aimed to develop a self-report instrument that measures power imbalance as perceived by the victim of frequent aggressive behavior.

Methods: A mixed methods approach was used (468 participants, Grade 4 to 6).

Preadolescent children's perception of power imbalance in bullying: A thematic analysis.

Bullying in schools is associated with an extensive public health burden. Bullying is intentional and goal oriented aggressive behavior in which the perpetrator exploits an imbalance of power to repeatedly dominate the victim. To differentiate bullying from aggressive behavior, assessment must include a valid measure of power imbalance as perceived by the victim.

Prevalence and factors associated with emotional and behavioural difficulties among children living with HIV in Malawi: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Approximately 84,000 children under the age of 15 years are living with HIV in Malawi. Although the survival rate of children living with HIV in Malawi has improved due to the increased availability of antiretroviral medications, these children continue to experience numerous challenges negatively impacting on their mental health. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of, and factors associated with, emotional and behavioural difficulties in children aged between 6 and 12 years living with HIV in Malawi.

Socio-demographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors associated with primary caregivers' decisions regarding HIV disclosure to their child aged between 6 and 12 years living with HIV in Malawi.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends that children living with HIV should be informed about their HIV status within the ages of 6 to 12 years using age-appropriate resources. The aim of this study was to assess the socio-demographic, clinical and psychosocial factors associated with primary caregivers' decisions to disclose HIV to children living with HIV aged 6 to 12 years in Malawi. A cross-sectional study of 429 primary caregivers of children living with HIV were systematically recruited from all regions of the country.

Primary caregivers, healthcare workers, teachers and community leaders' perceptions and experiences of their involvement, practice and challenges of disclosure of HIV status to children living with HIV in Malawi: a qualitative study.

Background: The World Health Organisation has recommended that healthcare workers, teachers and community leaders work with parents to support children living with HIV. The aim of this study was to assess the perceptions and experiences of primary caregivers and other care providers such as healthcare workers, teachers, and community leaders regarding their involvement, practice and challenges of HIV disclosure to children aged between 6 and 12 years living with HIV in Malawi.

Methods: Twelve focus group discussions and 19 one-on-one interviews involving a total of 106 participants were conducted in all three administrative regions of Malawi.

Healthcare workers' perspectives and practices regarding the disclosure of HIV status to children in Malawi: a cross-sectional study.

Background: In 2011 the World Health Organisation recommended that children with a diagnosis of HIV be gradually informed about their HIV status between the ages of 6 and 12 years. However, to date, literature has focused mainly on primary caregiver and child experiences with HIV disclosure, little is known about healthcare workers' perspectives and practices of HIV status disclosure to children. The aim of this study was to assess healthcare workers' perspectives and practices regarding the disclosure of HIV status to children aged between 6 and 12 years in Malawi.

Need and acceptability of story books intended to help with the process of informing children about their HIV status in Malawi: a mixed methods study.

The rate of disclosure of HIV status to children living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa remains low despite the World Health Organisation's recommendation that children should be told about their HIV status by the age of 12 years. Authors of previous studies have identified lack of disclosure materials as the main barrier to disclosure of HIV status. This study aimed to assess the need and acceptability of a series of age-appropriate children story books intended to help with informing children about their HIV status.

The Factors That Influence and Protect Against Power Imbalance in Covert Bullying Among Preadolescent Children at School: A Thematic Analysis.

In this article, the perceptions of preadolescent children (ages 9-11) regarding factors that influence and protect against power imbalance associated with covert aggression and bullying are explored. In aggression research, the term covert has been typically used to describe relational, indirect, and social acts of aggression that are hidden. These behaviors contrast with overt physical and verbal aggression.

Barriers to Addressing Social Determinants of Health in Pediatric Nursing Practice: An Integrative Review.

Problem: Despite a substantial body of knowledge regarding the importance of the social determinants of health, recognizing and responding to the psychosocial circumstances of seriously and chronically ill children and their families is not well established in routine pediatric nursing care.

Eligibility Criteria: The search process focused on psychological and social determinants and care in the healthcare setting. Searches were limited to research and review publications written in the English language.

A Scoping Review of Self-Report Measures of Aggression and Bullying for Use With Preadolescent Children.

Bullying in schools is a major health concern throughout the world, contributing to poor educational and mental health outcomes. School nurses are well placed to facilitate the implementation and evaluation of bullying prevention strategies. To evaluate the effect of such strategies, it is necessary to measure children's behavior over time.

Protocol for the design of an instrument to measure preadolescent children's self-report of covert aggression and bullying.

Introduction: Covert bullying in schools is associated with a range of academic, social, emotional and physical health problems. Much research has focused on bullying, but there remains a gap in understanding about covert aggression and how to most accurately and reliably measure children's own reports of this behaviour. This paper reviews relevant literature and outlines a research project that aims to develop a self-report instrument that effectively measures covert aggression and bullying.

Rethinking family-centred care for the child and family in hospital.

Aims And Objectives: This paper presents and discusses an alternative model of family-centred care (FCC) that focuses on optimising the health and developmental outcomes of children through the provision of appropriate support to the child's family.

Background: The relevance, meaning and effectiveness of FCC have been challenged recently. Studies show that parents in hospital often feel unsupported, judged by hospital staff and uncertain about what care they should give to their child.

Development of a measure for maternal confidence in knowledge and understanding and examination of psychosocial influences at the time of a child's heart surgery.

Purpose: The purpose was to develop a maternal confidence in knowledge and understanding scale (Maternal Knowledge and Understanding Scale [MKUS]) and examine the effect of psychosocial factors at the time of a child's heart surgery.

Design And Methods: Using cross-sectional design, the MKUS was developed and tested. Validated instruments were used to examine the impact of psychosocial factors.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities-Arabic (SDSCA-Arabic): Translation and Analysis Process.

Purpose: To translate and examine the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities.

Design: An instrument translation and validation study.

Settings: A total of 243 participants (33 first sample and 210 second sample) diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited from four primary health care centers in Saudi Arabia.

Neurological and biological foundations of children's social and emotional development: an integrated literature review.

This article provides an integrated review of the expert literature on developmental processes that combine social, biological, and neurological pathways, and the mechanisms through which these pathways may influence school success and health. It begins with a historical overview of the current understanding of how attachment relationships and social environments influence brain development and plasticity and are, therefore, central to the physical and mental health of individuals and populations. It then expands on the effect of plasticity in relation to behavior and learning at school.

Hypertensive diseases of pregnancy predict parent-reported difficult temperament in infancy.

Objective: Recent research has linked hypertensive diseases of pregnancy with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood and adulthood. This study aimed to establish whether such effects are observed in infancy.

Methods: This was a prospective pregnancy cohort study of 2,785 pregnancies with complete data on hypertensive diseases of pregnancy.

Responding to a diagnosis of localized prostate cancer: men's experiences of normal distress during the first 3 postdiagnostic months.

Background: Men experience localized prostate cancer (PCa) as aversive and distressing. Little research has studied the distress men experience as a normal response to PCa, or how they manage this distress during the early stages of the illness.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore the experience of men diagnosed with localized PCa during their first postdiagnostic year.

Importance of effective collaboration between health professionals for the facilitation of optimal community diabetes care.

Diabetes places a significant burden on the individuals concerned, their families and society as a whole. The debilitating sequelae of diabetes can be limited or prevented altogether through strict glycaemic control. Despite the seemingly uncomplicated nature of the disorder, effective management can be elusive, as the impact of having to deal with diabetes on a daily basis can be profound and appropriate professional support is not always readily available.

Back and neck pain are related to mental health problems in adolescence.

Background: There is a high prevalence of mental health problems amongst adolescents. In addition there is a high prevalence of spinal pain in this population. Evidence suggests that these conditions are related.

Lifecourse childhood adiposity trajectories associated with adolescent insulin resistance.

Objective: In light of the obesity epidemic, we aimed to characterize novel childhood adiposity trajectories from birth to age 14 years and to determine their relation to adolescent insulin resistance.

Research Design And Methods: A total of 1,197 Australian children with cardiovascular/metabolic profiling at age 14 years were studied serially from birth to age 14 years. Semiparametric mixture modeling was applied to anthropometric data over eight time points to generate adiposity trajectories of z scores (weight-for-height and BMI).

Breastfeeding and early child development: a prospective cohort study.

Aim: Breastfeeding has been associated with multiple developmental advantages for the infant; however, there have also been a number of studies that find no significant benefits to child development. We examined the relationship between breastfeeding for 4 months or longer and child development at age 1, 2 and 3 years.

Methods: Women were enrolled in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study (N = 2900) and their live born children (N = 2868) were followed to the age of 3 years (N = 2280).