Simple Porifera holobiont reveals complex interactions between the host, an archaeon, a bacterium, and a phage.

The basal metazoan phylum Porifera (sponges) is increasingly used as a model to investigate ecological and evolutionary features of microbe-animal symbioses. However, sponges often host complex microbiomes, which has hampered our understanding of their interactions with their microbial symbionts. Here, we describe the discovery and characterization of the simplest sponge holobiont reported to date, consisting of the deep-sea glass sponge Aphrocallistes beatrix and two newly-described microbial symbionts: an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing archaeon and a bacterial heterotroph.

Bacteria associated with the Symbiodiniaceae's phycosphere.

Symbiotic interactions between Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria are still poorly explored, especially those . Here, we adapted a technique that allows for the enrichment of intact and metabolically active Symbiodiniaceae cells (SC) and their associated bacteria from the tissue of the model coral , using a discontinuous gradient of solution of isotonic Percoll (SIP). The SC were concentrated in the 50% SIP fraction, as determined by microscopy.

Species-specific relationships between deep sea sponges and their symbiotic Nitrosopumilaceae.

Sponges thrive in the deep, dark and nutrient-depleted ocean and may rely on microbial symbionts for carbon acquisition and energy generation. However, these symbiotic relationships remain largely unexplored. In this study, we analyze the microbiome of deep-sea sponges and show that ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) of the family Nitrosopumilaceae make up at least 75% of the microbial communities of the sponges Aphrocallistes sp.

Carbon fixation pathways across the bacterial and archaeal tree of life.

Carbon fixation is a critical process for our planet; however, its distribution across the bacterial and archaeal domains of life has not been comprehensively studied. Here, we performed an analysis of 52,515 metagenome-assembled genomes and discover carbon fixation pathways in 1,007 bacteria and archaea. We reveal the genomic potential for carbon fixation through the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle in previously unrecognized archaeal and bacterial phyla (i.

SILS extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy.

Aim: This paper presents the surgical technique for video-laparoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy carried out through a single incision of 2.5 cm below the navel.

Methods: The technique involves the placement of a port of a new concept, the SILS-port, which has three channels through which you can insert instruments and camera.

[Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy without ligation of the Santorini's venous plexus].

Background: The goal of our work is to demonstrate how, in the approach to laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, the ligation of Santorini?s dorsal venous complex is not necessary. The retrospective evaluation of video-laparoscopich radical prostatectomy performed at UOC of Jesi with this technical device, showed an increased blood loss compared to a technique that provides for the ligation of Santorini's plexus and, overall, reduced blood loss compared with the average radical open prostatectomy.

Material And Methods: 50 video-laparoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomies were evaluated, which were performed with the same technique and by the same operator.

Ultrasound in acute urinary retention by mechanical obstruction in woman.

We referred our experience about ultrasound in the diagnosis of the acute urinary retention by mechanical obstruction in woman. We believe ultrasound has a very important role in imaging of the lower urinary tract because it simplicity and no jonizing radiation used. Anatomical pathologies of the bladder neck and urethra can be detected and documented in order to make the right therapy decision.

[Entero-vesical fistula caused by a foreign body].

An entero-vesical fistula due to intestinal foreign body is rare. A case is presented and the clinical diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of this lesion are discussed.

[Pheochromocytoma. A case report].

The pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine-secreting tumor, localized in the adrenal gland in 90% of the cases and in extra-adrenal site in the remaining 10%. It can be single or associated with other endocrine neoplasms. On the basis of the case presented, the several clinical manifestations, the treatment of the disease and especially the recent development in imaging as MIBG, TAC, RNM are discussed.

[Tumor enucleation as the conservative treatment of choice for renal carcinoma].

Nine cases of renal cell carcinoma treated by conservative elective surgery (enucleation) are reported. The positive results obtained, together with the experience of others, indicate enucleation as an effective treatment in selected patients with small, peripheral and low-stage tumors.

[Entero-vesical fistula in Crohn's disease. A case report].

A case of entero-vesical fistula in Crohn's disease is presented. Clinical manifestations, diagnostic means and surgical treatment of the lesion are discussed.

[Ganglioneuroma of the adrenal gland associated with a contralateral renal carcinoma].

A case of ganglioneuroma of the adrenal gland associated with contralateral renal cell carcinoma is presented. Both the lesions underwent surgical therapy: of left adrenalectomy and right nephrectomy. The benign nature of the ganglioneuroma and the low staging (T2) of the renal neoplasm explain the positive exitus of the treatment: the patient is alive and free from disease after five years from the operation.

[Functioning and non-functioning tumors of the adrenal gland. Presentation of 4 cases].

The Authors describe their own experience of functioning and nonfunctioning tumors of the adrenal gland. In two cases the neoplasm was an adrenal adenoma, one causing a Cushing syndrome, the other clinically asymptomatic and associated with renal tuberculosis. In two patients the neoplasm was a clinically unsuspected pheochromocytoma and in one case it proved to be a malignant tumor.

[Chronic perirenal hematoma following an overlooked kidney injury. Problems in diagnosis].

Five cases of chronic perirenal hematoma are reported. Preoperative tests were performed to assess the malignant or benign nature of the lesions which were observed some time after the dramatic episode which marked their onset. The varying characteristics of the disease showed by different imaging techniques (urography, arteriography, US, CAT) are such that only surgery can remove all doubts in the majority of cases.

[Simultaneous, bilateral transitional-cell carcinoma of the ureters].

The Authors describe a case of simultaneous, contralateral, transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter in a 64-year-old man. Surgical conservative therapy was performed. The patient is well and free from recurrence 3-years after.

[Incidental carcinoma of the prostate].

The purpose of this study has been to establish the possible presence of incidental carcinoma among men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. During the period 1983-1987, 954 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, have been undergone transvesical prostatectomy. Prostatic tissue has been studied with sagittal sections.

A quantitative morphological assessment of the effect of lidoflazine and deferoxamine therapy on global brain ischaemia.

The effect of the combination of two drugs, i.e. lidoflazine (a calcium antagonist), and deferoxamine (an iron chelator) was evaluated following 15 min global brain ischaemia (GBI) and reperfusion in dogs in a randomized blind study.

Inverted papilloma of the ureter.

We report a case of inverted papilloma of the ureter. To date it is the 12th case documented. The lesion was treated by conservative surgery; negative controls following the excision for 5 years represent a further proof of the benign nature of these tumors.

Natural course of iron delocalization and lipid peroxidation during the first eight hours following a 15-minute cardiac arrest in dogs.

Lipid peroxidation is thought to be a major contributing factor in neurological injury following cardiac arrest. Because iron availability is a prerequisite for lipid peroxidation, this experiment was designed to examine the natural time course of iron release, lipid peroxidation, and cerebral polyunsaturated fatty acid content following a 15-minute cardiac arrest in dogs. Large mongrel dogs were anesthetized with ketamine and halothane and divided into three groups of five each.

Cerebral endothelial microvilli following global brain ischemia in dogs.

Cerebral blood vessels (BVs) of dogs subjected to global brain ischemia by complete cardiac arrest of 15 min followed by 8 h of reperfusion, were studied in neocortex and hippocampus by means of transmission electron microscopy. Widespread endothelial microvilli were present in the postischemic animals. The number of endothelial microvilli in the postischemic animals (mean/BV in the neocortex = 3.

Brain cortex tissue Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, and K following resuscitation from cardiac arrest in dogs.

Recent evidence suggests that ultimate neurologic injury following cardiac arrest and resuscitation may be largely determined by biochemical events occurring during reperfusion. To test this hypothesis and further characterize the time course of some of these events, we examined tissue samples from the parietal cortex for their total content of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), and potassium (K) after 10 minutes, two hours, four hours, and eight hours of reperfusion following a 15-minute cardiac arrest in dogs. After 10 minutes of reperfusion, there were relatively small, but significant, increases in the total tissue content of Ca and Na, as compared to nonischemic controls.

Brain iron delocalization and lipid peroxidation following cardiac arrest.

Brain injury after cardiac arrest and resuscitation may occur, in part, by oxygen radical mechanisms. The availability of a transition metal, such as iron, is essential for in vitro initiation of this type of reaction. The brain has significant stores of iron bound in large proteins.

Cardiac arrest and resuscitation: brain iron delocalization during reperfusion.

We hypothesize that brain injury from cardiac arrest occurs during reperfusion and is in part mediated by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. We conducted a study to examine the time course of brain iron delocalization and lipid peroxidation in an animal model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Assays for brain tissue iron in low-molecular-weight species (LMWS iron) used the o-phenanthroline test on an ultrafiltered (molecular weight less than 30,000) tissue sample; malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation, in brain tissue was assayed by the thiobarbituric acid test (TBA).