Imaging and seismic modelling inside volcanoes using machine learning.

Despite advances in seismology and computing, the ability to image subsurface volcanic environments is poor, limiting our understanding of the overall workings of volcanic systems. This is related to substantive structural heterogeneities which strongly scatters seismic waves obscuring the ballistic arrivals normally used in seismology for wave velocity determination. Here we address this constraint by, using a deep learning approach, a Fourier neural operator (FNO), to model and invert seismic signals in volcanic settings.