Influence of tibial plateau angle in cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle on patellar ligament strain: an ex vivo study.

Objective: The aim was to investigate the patellar ligament strain with varying degrees of tibial plateau angles (TPAs) after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) in a cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-deficient stifle during the stance phase.

Methods: 12 pelvic cadaver limbs were secured to a custom-built jig to mimic a loadbearing stance after which an axial load of 120 N was applied. Patellar ligament strain, change in strain, and percent change in strain were calculated on pre-TPLO (intact and transected CrCL) and post-TPLO tibial TPAs of -5°, 0°, 5°, 10°, and 15°.

Comparing methods for detection of gastro-oesophageal reflux in anaesthetized dogs.

Objective: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of pH with multichannel intraluminal impedance (pH-MII), pH-metry (pH) alone and MII alone to direct observation of GOR by endoscopy in anaesthetized dogs.

Study Design: A prospective comparative trial in a live canine model.

Animals: A group of 35 (22 females, 13 males) dogs of various breeds.

Physiological variables for the objective detection of nerve block failure in dogs.

Objective: To identify physiological variables for objectively detecting nociception indicative of intraoperative peripheral nerve block failure.

Study Design: A double-blinded randomized clinical study.

Animals: A sample of 14 male (40.

Reliability of pulse oximetry at four different attachment sites in immobilized white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum).

Objectives: To determine the reliability of peripheral oxygen haemoglobin saturation (SpO), measured by a Nonin PalmSAT 2500A pulse oximeter with 2000T transflectance probes at four attachment sites (third eyelid, cheek, rectum and tail), by comparing these measurements to arterial oxygen haemoglobin saturation (SaO), measured by an AVOXimeter 4000 co-oximeter reference method in immobilized white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum).

Study Design: Randomized crossover study.

Animals: A convenience sample of eight wild-caught male white rhinoceros.

MEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE-BUPRENORPHINE ANESTHESIA OF THE SOLITARY SUBTERRANEAN CAPE DUNE MOLE-RAT () AND THE CAPE MOLE-RAT ().

A prospective, descriptive study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a field-ready anesthetic drug combination of medetomidine-ketamine-buprenorphine for data logger implantation surgery or recheck in free-ranging Cape dune (: = 41) and Cape (: = 37) mole-rats. All anesthesia data were reported as mean (±standard deviation). Medetomidine-ketamine-buprenorphine doses were 0.

Cardiopulmonary responses of free-ranging African elephant (Loxodonta africana) bulls immobilized with a thiafentanil-azaperone combination.

Objective: To determine the time course and certain cardiopulmonary effects of trunk-breathing elephants immobilized with thiafentanil-azaperone.

Study Design: Prospective descriptive study.

Animals: A convenience sample of 10 free-ranging African elephant bulls (estimated weight range: 3000-6000 kg).

Agreement between arterial and central venous blood pH and its contributing variables in anaesthetized dogs with respiratory acidosis.

Objective: To determine the accuracy of variables that influence blood pH, obtained from central venous (jugular vein) blood samples compared with arterial (dorsal pedal artery) samples in anaesthetized dogs with respiratory acidosis.

Study Design: Prospective, comparative, observational study.

Animals: A group of 15 adult male dogs of various breeds weighing 17 (11-42) kg [median (range)].

Comparative effects of three different ventilatory treatments on arterial blood gas values and oxygen extraction in healthy anaesthetized dogs.

Objective: To compare the effect of invasive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and spontaneous breathing (SB) on PaO, PaCO and arterial to central venous oxygen content difference (CaO-CcvO) in healthy anaesthetized dogs.

Study Design: Prospective randomized crossover study.

Animals: A group of 15 adult male dogs undergoing elective orchidectomy.

Describing acid-base balance using three different methods of analysis in a feline acute haemorrhage-resuscitation model.

Objective: To describe acid-base status using the Henderson-Hasselbalch, Stewart and semi-quantitative methods of analysis in a feline haemorrhage-resuscitation model.

Study Design: Randomized crossover study.

Animals: A total of six domestic cats (mean age, 21 months; weight, 4.

Investigation of biomarkers for impending fluid overload in a feline acute haemorrhage-resuscitation model.

Objective: To determine biomarkers for impending fluid overload during intravenous fluid administration in a feline haemorrhage-resuscitation model.

Study Design: Randomized crossover study.

Animals: A group of six domestic cats (mean age and weight: 21 months; 4.

Immobilization of African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) using etorphine-midazolam compared with etorphine-azaperone.

Objective: To compare induction times and physiological effects of etorphine-azaperone with etorphine-midazolam immobilization in African buffaloes.

Study Design: Randomized crossover study.

Animals: A group of 10 adult buffalo bulls (mean body weight 353 kg).

Use of blood colour for assessment of arterial oxygen saturation in immobilized impala (Aepyceros melampus).

Objective: To determine the relationship between arterial blood colour [as defined by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) L∗a∗b∗ colour space] and haemoglobin oxygen saturation [functional saturation (SaO) and fractional saturation (FOHb)], and if arterial blood colour can be used to predict arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation.

Study Design: Descriptive study as an adjunct to two prospective randomized crossover studies.

Animals: A group of 10 wild caught adult female impala (Aepyceros melampus) weighing 34.

Immobilization, cardiopulmonary and blood gas effects of ketamine-butorphanol-medetomidine versus butorphanol-midazolam-medetomidine in free-ranging serval (Leptailurus serval).

Objective: To compare ketamine-butorphanol-medetomidine (KBM) with butorphanol-midazolam-medetomidine (BMM) immobilization of serval.

Study Design: Blinded, randomized trial.

Animals: A total of 23 captures [KBM: five females, six males; 10.

What hinders pulmonary gas exchange and changes distribution of ventilation in immobilized white rhinoceroses () in lateral recumbency?

This study used electrical impedance tomography (EIT) measurements of regional ventilation and perfusion to elucidate the reasons for severe gas exchange impairment reported in rhinoceroses during opioid-induced immobilization. EIT values were compared with standard monitoring parameters to establish a new monitoring tool for conservational immobilization and future treatment options. Six male white rhinoceroses were immobilized using etorphine, and EIT ventilation variables, venous admixture, and dead space were measured 30, 40, and 50 min after becoming recumbent in lateral position.

Development of a severity scoring system for acute haemorrhage in anaesthetized domestic cats: the CABSS score.

Objective: To determine whether physiological, haematological, biochemical or electrolyte variables can predict severe haemorrhage in cats.

Study Design: Randomized crossover study whereby each cat underwent mild and severe haemorrhage, with a 2 month period between events.

Animals: A group of six domestic cats aged 21 ± 1 months and weighing 4.

Blood acid-base, haematological and haemostatic effects of hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) compared to succinylated gelatin colloid infusions in normovolaemic dogs.

Synthetic colloids are commonly administered to dogs to treat absolute or relative hypovolaemia. Voluven® (tetrastarch 130/0.4) and Gelofusine® (succinylated gelatin) are available to veterinarians in South Africa.

Evaluation of the reliability of pulse oximetry, at different attachment sites, to detect hypoxaemia in immobilized impala (Aepyceros melampus).

Objective: Evaluation of the reliability of pulse oximetry at four different attachment sites compared to haemoglobin oxygen saturation measured by a co-oximeter and calculated by a blood gas analyser in immobilized impala.

Study Design: Randomized crossover study.

Animals: A total of 16 female impala.

Effects of chemical and mechanical stimulation on laryngeal motion during alfaxalone, thiopentone or propofol anaesthesia in healthy dogs.

Objective: To compare the effect of chemical and mechanical stimulation on arytenoid cartilage motion during anaesthetic induction with alfaxalone, thiopentone or propofol.

Study Design: Masked, randomized, crossover study.

Animals: A group of eight adult Beagle dogs.

Compared to etorphine-azaperone, the ketamine-butorphanol-medetomidine combination is also effective at immobilizing zebra (Equus zebra).

Objective: To compare immobilization efficacy of a nonpotent opioid drug combination, ketamine-butorphanol-medetomidine (KBM) to the preferred etorphine-azaperone (EA) combination in zebras.

Study Design: Randomized crossover trial.

Animals: A group of ten adult zebra (six females and four male).

Effects of hyaluronidase on ropivacaine or bupivacaine regional anaesthesia of the canine pelvic limb.

Objective: To determine the effect of hyaluronidase on time to onset and offset of anaesthesia in ropivacaine or bupivacaine femoral-ischiatic nerve blocks.

Study Design: Blinded randomized crossover trial.

Animals: Eight dogs.

Aortic Arch Baroreceptor Stimulation in an Experimental Goat Model: A Novel Method to Lower Blood Pressure.

The effect of aortic baroreceptor stimulation on blood pressure manipulation was assessed using the goat species . The aim of this study was to manipulate blood pressure with future intention to treat high blood pressure in humans. The ages of the animals ranged from 6 months to 2 years.

Xenotransfusion with packed bovine red blood cells to a wildebeest calf (Connochaetes taurinus).

A 4-month-old female blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) was presented for bilateral pelvic limb fracture repair. Clinical examination under anaesthesia revealed a water-hammer pulse and a haematocrit of 0.13.

CAPTIVE MANAGEMENT OF WILD IMPALA ( AEPYCEROS MELAMPUS) DURING INTENSIVE IMMOBILIZATION AND GENERAL ANESTHESIA STUDY TRIALS.

Immobilization and anesthesia of impala ( Aepyceros melampus) has become a popular research theme. This demand is brought about by the increased need to immobilize and anesthetize impala and other medium-sized wild ungulates because of their increased value in game ranching and zoological collections. To improve our understanding of immobilization and general anesthesia in these species, it is paramount to be able to study them in a practical, safe research environment that does not cause harm or unnecessary stress to the animals.

Cardiopulmonary effects of anaesthesia maintained by propofol infusion versus isoflurane inhalation in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus).

Objective: To compare the cardiopulmonary effects of propofol total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) with isoflurane in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) to evaluate feasibility for field use.

Study Design: Prospective clinical study.

Animals: A group of 24 adult cheetahs, 12 per group.