Social Determinants of Health Phenotypes and Cardiometabolic Condition Prevalence Among Patients in a Large Academic Health System: Latent Class Analysis.

Background: Adverse social determinants of health (SDoH) have been associated with cardiometabolic disease; however, disparities in cardiometabolic outcomes are rarely the result of a single risk factor.

Objective: This study aimed to identify and characterize SDoH phenotypes based on patient-reported and neighborhood-level data from the institutional electronic medical record and evaluate the prevalence of diabetes, obesity, and other cardiometabolic diseases by phenotype status.

Methods: Patient-reported SDoH were collected (January to December 2020) and neighborhood-level social vulnerability, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and rurality were linked via census tract to geocoded patient addresses.

Associations between weight bias internalization, weight status, and health among a diverse cohort of freshman college students.

Mental health concerns are common among college students, especially students with higher body mass index (BMI). Weight bias internalization (WBI) is thought to contribute to these mental health disparities. However, little is known about how WBI differs among more diverse students, and to what extent WBI may explain associations between BMI and health in college populations.

A focus group study among insufficiently physically active African American adults regarding technology-delivered team-based gamification for physical activity promotion.

Background: Gamification represents a promising approach for facilitating positive social interactions among groups of individuals and is increasingly being leveraged in physical activity (PA) interventions to promote enhanced intervention engagement and PA outcomes. Although African American (AA) adults experience disparities associated with health conditions that can be ameliorated with increased PA, little is known about how best to culturally target PA gamification strategies for this population. The purpose of this study was to gather perspectives from AA adults residing in the Southeast United States and subsequently identify themes to help inform the cultural adaptation of an existing electronic and mobile health (e/mHealth) gamification- and theory-based PA intervention for teams of insufficiently active AA adults.

Contribution of social, behavioral, and contextual exposures to Black-White disparities in incident obesity: The CARDIA study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to quantify the contributions of socioeconomic, psychosocial, behavioral, reproductive, and neighborhood exposures in young adulthood to Black-White differences in incident obesity.

Methods: In the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, 4488 Black or White adults aged 18 to 30 years without obesity at baseline (1985-1986) were followed over 30 years. Sex-specific Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate Black-White differences in incident obesity.

A biobehavioural and social-structural model of inflammation and executive function in pediatric chronic health conditions.

Evidence indicates that pediatric chronic health conditions (CHCs) often impair executive functioning (EF) and impaired EF undermines pediatric CHC management. This bidirectional relationship likely occurs due to biobehavioural and social-structural factors that serve to maintain this feedback loop. Specifically, biobehavioural research suggests that inflammation may sustain a feedback loop that links together increased CHC severity, challenges with EF, and lower engagement in health promoting behaviours.

Psychological resilience in older adults with type 2 diabetes from the Look AHEAD Trial.

Background: There is growing interest in identifying factors associated with healthy aging. This cross-sectional study evaluated associations of psychological resilience with factors associated with aging in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods: Participants were 3199 adults (72.

Pretreatment and During-Treatment Weight Trajectories in Black and White Women.

Introduction: Black participants often lose less weight than White participants in response to behavioral weight-loss interventions. Many participants experience significant pretreatment weight fluctuations (between baseline measurement and treatment initiation), which have been associated with treatment outcomes. Pretreatment weight gain has been shown to be more prevalent among Black participants and may contribute to racial differences in treatment responses.

The association between neighborhood social and economic environment and prevalent diabetes in urban and rural communities: The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study.

Objective: The association between neighborhood disadvantage and health is well-documented. However, whether these associations may differ across rural and urban areas is unclear. This study examines the association between a multi-item neighborhood social and economic environment (NSEE) measure and diabetes prevalence across urban and rural communities in the US.

Correlates of psychological distress among adults with obesity during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: The present study evaluated changes in stress and loneliness among participants with obesity engaged in weight loss self-management in the United States (US) during COVID-19, and identified factors that may increase risk or protect against psychosocial distress during this time.

Design: Participants who were enrolled in a weight self-management program prior to the COVID-19 pandemic ( = 55, 91% female, 36% Caucasian, mean age = 49.8 years) completed an online survey about social, economic and health behaviour changes during COVID-19 and their relationship to changes in perceived stress and loneliness.

Legacy of a 10-Year Multidomain Lifestyle Intervention on the Cognitive Trajectories of Individuals with Overweight/Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Introduction: Weight loss and increased physical activity interventions are commonly recommended for individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and overweight or obesity. We examined the impact of randomization to an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) on trajectories of cognitive function over 10 years in a cohort of participants in a randomized clinical trial who had T2D and overweight/obesity at baseline.

Methods: Participants aged 45-76 years were enrolled in 2001-2004 and were randomized to the ILI or a diabetes support and education (DSE) condition.

Weight Discrimination Experienced Prior to Enrolling in a Behavioral Obesity Intervention is Associated with Treatment Response Among Black and White Adults in the Southeastern U.S.

Background: The current study evaluated the associations between history of weight discrimination and race on pre-treatment depressive symptoms, treatment session attendance, and weight loss among Black and White adults enrolled in a 16-week obesity intervention.

Methods: Participants (N = 271; mean BMI = 35.7 kg/m; 59% Black; 92% women) reported prior experiences of weight discrimination and completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale at baseline.

Changes in mood and health-related quality of life in Look AHEAD 6 years after termination of the lifestyle intervention.

Objective: The Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) study previously reported that intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) reduced incident depressive symptoms and improved health-related quality of life (HRQOL) over nearly 10 years of intervention compared with a control group (the diabetes support and education group [DSE]) in participants with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity. The present study compared incident depressive symptoms and changes in HRQOL in these groups for an additional 6 years following termination of the ILI in September 2012.

Methods: A total of 1,945 ILI participants and 1,900 DSE participants completed at least one of four planned postintervention assessments at which weight, mood (via the Patient Health Questionnaire-9), antidepressant medication use, and HRQOL (via the Medical Outcomes Scale, Short Form-36) were measured.

The COVID-19 pandemic and weight management: Effective behaviors and pandemic-specific risk factors.

Background: Obesity and comorbid conditions are associated with worse outcomes related to COVID-19. Moreover, social distancing adherence during the COVID-19 pandemic may predict weight gain due to decreased physical activity, increased emotional eating, and social isolation. While early studies suggest that many individuals struggled with weight management during the pandemic, less is known about healthy eating and weight control behaviors among those enrolled in weight loss programs.

The daily Self-Weighing for Obesity Management in Primary Care Study: Rationale, design and methodology.

Background Daily self-weighing (DSW) may be an effective harm-reduction intervention to disrupt continued weight gain. Self-Weighing for Obesity Management in Primary Care (SWOP) is a 24-month randomized controlled trial in 400 adults with obesity (BMI: kg/m ≥ 30) receiving primary care through a clinical network affiliated with an academic medical center. Objective To test DSW as a potentially scalable way to deter age-related weight gain among primary care patients with obesity.

Executive function in individuals with clinically significant weight loss via behavioral intervention.

Background: Executive function (EF) is associated with obesity development and self-management. Individuals who demonstrate or self-report poorer EF performance tend to have poorer short-term outcomes in obesity treatment. There may be distinct behavioral self-management strategies and EF domains related to initial weight loss as compared to weight loss maintenance.

Factors Associated with Weight Loss Maintenance and Weight Regain Among African American and White Adults Initially Successful at Weight Loss.

Background: Providing ongoing treatment through extended care programs can improve weight loss maintenance (WLM), but the effectiveness of these programs for African Americans (AA) are mixed and may be due to unique cultural factors.

Purpose: To identify, prioritize, and organize factors associated with WLM as experienced by AA and White adults initially successful with weight loss.

Methods: Adults identified their greatest amount of lifetime weight loss, and those achieving ≥5% weight loss were classified as maintainers (continued >5% weight reduction for ≥1 year) or regainers (≤5% weight reduction) based on current weight.

Sex Differences in Factors Contributing to the Racial Disparity in Diabetes Risk.

Introduction: Diabetes incidence differs by race in the U.S., with a persistent reported Black-White disparity.

Within-Trial Cost-Effectiveness of a Structured Lifestyle Intervention in Adults With Overweight/Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Results From the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) Study.

Objective: To assess the cost-effectiveness (CE) of an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) compared with standard diabetes support and education (DSE) in adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes, as implemented in the Action for Health in Diabetes study.

Research Design And Methods: Data were from 4,827 participants during their first 9 years of study participation from 2001 to 2012. Information on Health Utilities Index Mark 2 (HUI-2) and HUI-3, Short-Form 6D (SF-6D), and Feeling Thermometer (FT), cost of delivering the interventions, and health expenditures was collected during the study.

Associations Between Social Network Characteristics and Loneliness During Pregnancy in a Sample of Predominantly African American, Largely Publicly-Insured Women.

Objectives: Most research evaluating relationships between social network attributes and loneliness have focused on older adult and adolescent networks. The present study examines the relationships between social network size (number of relationships), social network density (whether named relationships are connected to one another) and maternal loneliness during pregnancy.

Methods: Eligible women were enrolled at the time of their dating ultrasound (between 8 and 12 weeks of gestation).

Revisiting the Compensatory Theory as an explanatory model for relapse in obesity management.

Weight regain remains the main challenge in obesity management, and its etiology remains elusive. The aim of the present review was to revise the available evidence regarding the "Compensatory Theory," which is an explanatory model of relapse in obesity treatment, and to propose alternative mechanisms that can contribute to weight regain. It has been proposed, and generally accepted as true, that when a person loses weight the body fights back, with physiological adaptations on both sides of the energy balance equation that try to bring body weight back to its original state: this is the Compensatory Theory.

Long-term Change in Physiological Markers and Cognitive Performance in Type 2 Diabetes: The Look AHEAD Study.

Context: The effects of physiological improvements on cognitive function among persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are not fully understood.

Objective: To determine whether improvements in physiological markers (body weight, blood sugar control, and physical activity) during intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) are associated with enhancements in cognitive function in older adults with T2DM.

Design: Multisite randomized controlled trial.

Executive function phenotypes in pediatric obesity.

Objective: To comprehensively examine the behavioral phenotypes of children with and without executive function (EF) impairments in a clinical sample of youth with obesity.

Methods: Youth aged 8 to 17 years (Mean age = 12.97) attending a medical clinic for obesity and their caregivers (N = 195 dyads) completed a battery of behavioral questionnaires.

Weight Change 2 Years After Termination of the Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in the Look AHEAD Study.

Objective: This study evaluated weight changes after cessation of the 10-year intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) in the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) study. It was hypothesized that ILI participants would be more likely to gain weight during the 2-year observational period following termination of weight-loss-maintenance counseling than would participants in the diabetes support and education (DSE) control group.

Methods: Look AHEAD was a randomized controlled trial that compared the effects of ILI and DSE on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in participants with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes.