Role of Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring in Internal Carotid Artery Injury During Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery.

Objective: In the present study, we investigated the role of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) in internal carotid artery (ICA) injury during endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery (EESBS).

Methods: The study group included all 13 patients who had experienced an ICA injury during EESBS with IONM from 2004 to 2017. The medical records were reviewed for the perioperative data.

Early practices in endonasal skull base surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: a global survey.

Objective: During the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) is feared to be a high-risk procedure for the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Nonetheless, data are lacking regarding the management of EES during the pandemic. The object of this study was to understand current worldwide practices pertaining to EES for skull base/pituitary tumors during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and provide a basis for the formulation of guidelines.

ncVarDB: a manually curated database for pathogenic non-coding variants and benign controls.

Variants within the non-coding genome are frequently associated with phenotypes in genome-wide association studies. These non-coding regions may be involved in the regulation of gene expression, encode functional non-coding RNAs, or influence splicing and other cellular functions. We have curated a list of characterized non-coding human genome variants based on the published evidence that indicates phenotypic consequences of the variation.

Long-term outcomes in the treatment of pediatric skull base chordomas in the endoscopic endonasal era.

Objective: Pediatric skull base chordoma is a rare entity that is traditionally considered to display aggressive behavior with an increased risk of recurrence. There is an absence of literature examining outcomes in the pediatric population in general and using the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA).

Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed all patients with skull base chordomas presenting by the age of 18 years to the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh or the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center from 2004 to 2019.

Reduced Tearing With Stable Quality of Life After Vidian Neurectomy: A Prospective Controlled Trial.

Objectives/hypothesis: Although vidian neurectomy (VN) is associated with decreased lacrimation, its impact on dry eye quality-of-life is not well-defined. Endoscopic endonasal transpterygoid approaches (EETA) may require vidian nerve sacrifice.

Study Design: A prospective cohort trial.

Endoscopic endonasal surgery for anterior cranial fossa meningiomas.

Meningiomas along the anterior skull base arise from the midline but have historically been resected via open cranial approaches with lateral to medial trajectories. The endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) offers a direct, inferomedial approach which has demonstrated several superior qualities for their resection. These meningiomas include tuberculum sellae, planum sphenoidale, and olfactory groove meningiomas.

Improving the Safety and Continuity Of Medicines management at Transitions of care (ISCOMAT): protocol for a process evaluation of a cluster randomised control trial.

Introduction: A key priority for the UK National Health Service and patients is to ensure that medicines are used safely and effectively. However, medication changes are not always optimally communicated and implemented when patients transfer from hospital into community settings. Heart failure is a common reason for admission to hospital.

Comparability of Raman Spectroscopic Configurations: A Large Scale Cross-Laboratory Study.

The variable configuration of Raman spectroscopic platforms is one of the major obstacles in establishing Raman spectroscopy as a valuable physicochemical method within real-world scenarios such as clinical diagnostics. For such real world applications like diagnostic classification, the models should ideally be usable to predict data from different setups. Whether it is done by training a rugged model with data from many setups or by a primary-replica strategy where models are developed on a 'primary' setup and the test data are generated on 'replicate' setups, this is only possible if the Raman spectra from different setups are consistent, reproducible, and comparable.

Transcranial Approaches to the Orbit.

Transcranial approaches to the orbit provide familiar and flexible approaches with wide access to the majority of the orbit, only limited in the inferomedial orbit. A pterional craniotomy is the predominant approach but can be expanded with an orbital or zygomatic osteotomy for even wider access. Minimally invasive approaches, such as the lateral supraorbital or "eyebrow" supraorbital approach, are options for selected pathologies and minimize morbidity related to the approach.

Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Intra- and Extraconal Orbital Pathologies.

Endoscopic endonasal approaches offer an important alternative in the management of posterior inferomedial orbital pathology. Beginning with endoscopic orbital decompressions for Graves' disease, the endonasal corridor for the management of intra- and extraconal pathologies has continued to evolve. Endonasal removal of orbital cavernous hemangiomas is well described in the literature; however, many other benign and malignant pathologies of the medial orbit can be accessed through this approach.

Trends in diabetic retinopathy screening attendance and associations with vision impairment attributable to diabetes in a large nationwide cohort.

Aims: To investigate diabetic retinopathy screening attendance and trends in certified vision impairment caused by diabetic eye disease.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of attendance in three urban UK diabetic eye screening programmes in England. A survival analysis was performed to investigate time from diagnosis to first screen by age and sex.

Effects of interorganisational information technology networks on patient safety: a realist synthesis.

Objective: Health services in many countries are investing in interorganisational networks, linking patients' records held in different organisations across a city or region. The aim of the systematic review was to establish how, why and in what circumstances these networks improve patient safety, fail to do so, or increase safety risks, for people living at home.

Design: Realist synthesis, drawing on both quantitative and qualitative evidence, and including consultation with stakeholders in nominal groups and semistructured interviews.

A de-waxing methodology for scanning probe microscopy.

A de-waxing protocol that successfully removes paraffin from tissue microarray (TMA) cores of fixed tissue obtained from oral cancer is described. The success of the protocol is demonstrated by the comparison of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results obtained on paraffin-embedded and de-waxed tissue and the absence of any significant correlations between infrared scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) images of de-waxed tissue obtained at the three main paraffin IR peaks. The success of the protocol in removing paraffin from tissue is also demonstrated by images obtained with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by energy dispersive spectra (EDS) of a de-waxed CaF2 disc which shows no significant contribution from carbon.

Machine learning at the interface of structural health monitoring and non-destructive evaluation.

While both non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and structural health monitoring (SHM) share the objective of damage detection and identification in structures, they are distinct in many respects. This paper will discuss the differences and commonalities and consider ultrasonic/guided-wave inspection as a technology at the interface of the two methodologies. It will discuss how data-based/machine learning analysis provides a powerful approach to ultrasonic NDE/SHM in terms of the available algorithms, and more generally, how different techniques can accommodate the very substantial quantities of data that are provided by modern monitoring campaigns.

The Effect of Nasoseptal Flap Elevation on Post-Operative Olfaction and Sinonasal Quality of Life: A Prospective Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: The use of nasoseptal flaps (NSF) for defect reconstruction in endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEA) to cranial base pathology has markedly reduced rates of cerebrospinal fluid leak. However, the effect of NSF use on post-operative olfaction remains unclear.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of NSF use during EEA on binarial and uninarial olfaction, and sinonasal quality of life (QOL).

Anatomical Limits of the Endoscopic Contralateral Transmaxillary Approach to the Petrous Apex and Petroclival Region.

 This study aimed to establish the anatomical landmarks for performing a contralateral transmaxillary approach (CTM) to the petrous apex (PA) and petroclival region (PCR), and to compare CTM with a purely endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA).  EEA and CTM to the PA and PCR were performed bilaterally in eight human anatomical specimens. Surgical techniques and anatomical landmarks were described, and EEA was compared with CTM with respect to ability to reach the contralateral internal acoustic canal (IAC).

Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Craniopharyngiomas with Intraventricular Extension: Case Series, Long-Term Outcomes, and Review.

Background: Traditionally, craniopharyngiomas with intraventricular extension were approached transcranially; however, endoscopic approaches are now increasingly used. We sought to study the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) in the setting of complex craniopharyngiomas with intraventricular extension and to compare it with existing literature.

Methods: Patients undergoing EEA for resection of craniopharyngioma with ventricular involvement from 2002 to 2015 were retrospectively reviewed.

Endoscopic Evacuation of a Panhemispheric Subdural Empyema.

Background: Subdural empyema (SDE) is a well-known entity in pediatric populations and is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Large scale evacuation of empyema, although effective, places the bone flap at risk of failure when replaced.

Case Description: We report the case of a 19-year-old man with a history of a shunted left middle fossa cyst presenting with a panhemispheric SDE after removal of his cystoperitoneal shunt by an outside facility.

Psychometric testing of the Skull Base Inventory health-related quality of life questionnaire in a multi-institutional study of patients undergoing open and endoscopic surgery.

Purpose: The skull base inventory (SBI) was developed to better assess health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) in patients with anterior and central skull base neoplasms treated by endoscopic and open approaches. The primary objective of this study was to prospectively assess the psychometric properties of the SBI.

Methods: This study is part of a multi-center study of patients undergoing endoscopic and open procedures completed between 2012 and 2018.

Publisher Correction: The tuatara genome reveals ancient features of amniote evolution.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Can Ophthalmologic Examination Predict Abducens Nerve Recovery After Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery?

Objectives: While abducens nerve palsy (ANP) is a known risk in the setting of some endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery (ESBS), frequency and prognosis of post-operative palsy remain unknown. Our goals were to determine the frequency and prognosis of ANP after high-risk ESBS, and identify factors associated with recovery.

Methods: Retrospective case series of all patients with pathology at highest risk for abducens nerve injury (pituitary adenoma, chordoma, meningioma, chondrosarcoma, cholesterol granuloma) generated a list of patients with abducens nerve palsy after ESBS performed from 2011-2016.

Midbrain Dopamine Controls Anxiety-like Behavior by Engaging Unique Interpeduncular Nucleus Microcircuitry.

Background: Dopamine (DA) is hypothesized to modulate anxiety-like behavior, although the precise role of DA in anxiety behaviors and the complete anxiety network in the brain have yet to be elucidated. Recent data indicate that dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) innervate the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), but how the IPN responds to DA and what role this circuit plays in anxiety-like behavior are unknown.

Methods: We expressed a genetically encoded G protein-coupled receptor activation-based DA sensor in mouse midbrain to detect DA in IPN slices using fluorescence imaging combined with pharmacology.

Facing a Feared Situation: Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Petroclival Lesions With Internal Carotid Artery Encasement: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

A 33-yr-old woman presented with diplopia due to partial III and VI cranial nerve palsies, and an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a left petroclival lesion with cavernous sinus invasion. The ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) was displaced and encased by the tumor. Chondroid tumors such as this are known to be high risk for ICA injury1; however, given the patient's young age a radical resection was desirable,2 depending on the risk of such a strategy.

Droplet and Aerosol Generation With Endonasal Surgery: Methods to Mitigate Risk During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objective: To define the aerosol and droplet risks associated with endonasal drilling and to identify mitigation strategies.

Study Design: Simulation series with fluorescent 3-dimensional (3D) printed sinonasal models and deidentified cadaveric heads.

Settings: Dedicated surgical laboratory.