Dapagliflozin added to metformin reduces perirenal fat layer in type 2 diabetic patients with obesity.

Sodium-glucose co-transporters type 2 inhibitors (SLGT2i) are highly effective in controlling type 2 diabetes, but reported beneficial cardiovascular effects suggest broader actions on insulin resistance. Weight loss may be initially explained by glycosuria-induced net caloric output and secondary volumetric reduction, but its maintenance could be due to loss of visceral fat mass. Structured ultrasound (US) imaging of abdominal adipose tissue ("eco-obesity") is a recently described methodology used to measure 5 consecutive layers of abdominal fat, not assessable by DEXA or CT scan: superficial subcutaneous (SS), deep subcutaneous (DS), preperitoneal (PP), omental (Om) and right perirenal (RK).

Effect of Liraglutide in Different Abdominal Fat Layers Measured by Ultrasound: The Importance of Perirenal Fat Reduction.

Introduction: Ultrasonography (US) in patients with obesity allows us to measure different layers of abdominal fat (superficial subcutaneous, deep subcutaneous, preperitoneal, omental, and perirenal), not assessable by DEXA or CT scan. Omental and perirenal fat depots are considered predictors of metabolic complications. Liraglutide is particularly effective in reducing weight in patients with insulin-resistance, but its direct impact on each abdominal fat layer is unknown.

High-protein home parenteral nutrition in malnourished oncology patients: a systematic literature review.

Introduction: Up to 83% of oncology patients are affected by cancer-related malnutrition, depending on tumour location and patient age. Parenteral nutrition can be used to manage malnutrition, but there is no clear consensus as to the optimal protein dosage. The objective of this systematic literature review (SLR) was to identify studies on malnourished oncology patients receiving home parenteral nutrition (HPN) where protein or amino acid delivery was reported in g/kg bodyweight/day, and to compare outcomes between patients receiving low (< 1 g/kg bodyweight/day), standard (1-1.

Correction: Assessment of the Efficacy, Safety, and Effectiveness of Weight Control and Obesity Management Mobile Health Interventions: Systematic Review.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/12612.].

Ultrasound measures of abdominal fat layers correlate with metabolic syndrome features in patients with obesity.

Objective: Abdominal fat ultrasound (US) is a simple clinical tool that may allow measures of fat depots not visible using common dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) or computerized tomography (CT) imaging. The aim of this study was to validate the technique, give measures of and , , and (retroperitoneal) fat and correlate them with MS markers.

Methods: Sequential US measures of these five abdominal fat layers were done at 397 adults.

Assessment of the Efficacy, Safety, and Effectiveness of Weight Control and Obesity Management Mobile Health Interventions: Systematic Review.

Background: The use of apps to tackle overweight and obesity by tracking physical and dietary patterns and providing recommendations and motivation strategies to achieve personalized goals has increased over recent years. However, evidence of the efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of these apps is severely lacking.

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify efficacy, safety, and effectiveness criteria used to assess weight control, overweight, and obesity management in mobile health (mHealth) interventions through a systematic review.

Prevalence and costs of malnutrition in hospitalized patients; the PREDyCES Study.

Background And Aims: The main objective of the PREDyCES study was twofold. First, to analyse the prevalence of hospital malnutrition in Spain, both at admission and at discharge, and second, to estimate the hospital costs associated with disease-related malnutrition.

Methods: The study was a nationwide, cross-sectional, observational, multicentre study in routine clinical practice, which assessed the prevalence of hospital malnutrition both at patient admission and discharge using NRS-2002.

The burden of hospital malnutrition in Spain: methods and development of the PREDyCES® study.

It is well known that hospital malnutrition is a highly prevalent condition associated to increase morbidity and mortality as well as related healthcare costs. Although previous studies have already measured the prevalence and/or costs of hospital nutrition in our country, their local focus (at regional or even hospital level) make that the true prevalence and economic impact of hospital malnutrition for the National Health System remain unknown in Spain. The PREDyCES® (Prevalence of hospital malnutrition and associated costs in Spain) study was aimed to assess the prevalence of hospital malnutrition in Spain and to estimate related costs.

Dietary calcium and body mass index in a Mediterranean population.

This cross-sectional study evaluated the association between daily calcium intake and body mass index (BMI) in 647 subjects from Reus, Spain. 261 men and 313 women, aged 18 to 70 years, were randomly selected from the population census. Food intake was quantified by the 24-hour recall method, for three non-consecutive days including one holiday.

Trends in food availability determined by the Food and Agriculture Organization's food balance sheets in Mediterranean Europe in comparison with other European areas.

Objective: The aims of this study were to assess the changes that have occurred in food patterns in Europe over the last 40 years based on food availability data and to compare the stability of the traditional Mediterranean diet in the south of Europe in this period.

Design: An ecological study carried out on the basis of Food and Agriculture Organization food balance sheets for three geographical areas of Europe (Mediterranean, north and east) over two time periods: 1961-1963 and 1998-2000. The average availability of total energy, energy provided from macronutrients and food groups was calculated for each area and each period studied.

Diet and dietetics in al-Andalus.

Al-Andalus society (711-1492) based its idea of health on the wisdom of Classical Greece, the Hippocratic-Galenic theories, as well as the Persian and Hindu cultures. The twelfth century in al-Andalus is considered to be the most prolific period for works of a scientific and technical nature. At the time, the main treatises on dietetics were written and this science reached its widest expression with such leading figures as Ibn Wāfīd, Avenzoar, Averroes and Maimonides, whose works revealed the first scientific knowledge on the nutritional processes of the human body.

Subcutaneous adipose tissue cytokine production is not responsible for the restoration of systemic inflammation markers during weight loss.

Context: It has been suggested that weight loss can improve systemic inflammation associated with obesity by decreasing the adipose production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This suggestion, however, remains controversial.

Objective: To analyse the effect of weight loss on peripheral inflammatory markers and subcutaneous adipocytokine production.

Inhibiting endogenous cortisol blunts the meal-entrained rise in serum leptin.

Context: Administration of glucocorticoids increases serum leptin levels in lean and obese individuals. A morning meal produces an increase in insulin, a cortisol peak, and an increase in leptin; these changes do not occur during fasting.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate whether inhibiting endogenous cortisol secretion with metyrapone decreases 24-h serum leptin levels and to determine whether a meal-related midmorning surge in cortisol is a prerequisite for the meal-entrained nocturnal rise in leptin.

C-reactive protein, adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in a Mediterranean population.

Background: Understanding the distribution of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) and its relations with classic cardiovascular risk factors in specific populations is important for further diagnostic use.

Methods: We studied 1,157 adult subjects (652 women and 505 men) participating in the Health Study of Catalonia. CRP concentrations were measured with a high-sensitivity turbidimetric assay.

Effect of oral administration of a whole formula diet on nutritional and cognitive status in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Aims: To evaluate the effect of a whole formula diet on nutritional and cognitive status in Alzheimer's disease patients.

Methods: Patients were randomly assigned to two interventions: a whole formula diet based on lyophilised foods (Treatment Group, n=24) or nutritional advice (Control Group, n=29). Energy intake, body weight, biochemistry, Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and Pfeiffer's tests were determined at baseline and at 3 months of treatment.

[Role of calcium intake in obesity].

Recent evidences from epidemiological and intervention trials suggest that a higher calcium intake is associated with a lower body weight and a reduction in total and central body fat. The potential role of calcium intake in the regulation of body adiposity has been explained by the intracellular calcium, which is able to promote adipocyte fat accumulation by exerting a coordinate regulation stimulating lipogenesis and suppressing lipolysis. Moreover, the intracellular calcium has been implicated on the etiopathogenesis of hypertension, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, appearing as a potential common substrate in the metabolic syndrome.

Adiponectin expression and adipose tissue lipolytic activity in lean and obese women.

Background: The authors evaluated whether adipose adiponectin expression is related to adipose tissue lipolytic activity and fatty acid oxidation rate in lean and obese women.

Methods: The study consisted of 60 adult females distributed in a wide range of adiposity (BMI 24.0-53.

[Nutrient content and health effects of nuts].

Nuts are foods with a high energy density, due in part to its small water content. They also present a low saturated fat content (<7%) but a high unsaturated fat contribution (40-60%). They represent one of the richest sources of dietary fiber, which is basically of the insoluble type.

Bakery products enriched with phytosterol esters, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene decrease plasma LDL-cholesterol and maintain plasma beta-carotene concentrations in normocholesterolemic men and women.

The hypocholesterolemic effects of phytosterols have not been evaluated in bakery products, and the addition of liposoluble antioxidants to the carrier has never been tested. We investigated the effects of consuming croissants and magdalenas (Spanish muffins) enriched with sterol esters, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on plasma lipid and fat-soluble antioxidant concentrations in normocholesterolemic, habitual consumers of bakery products following their usual diet and lifestyle. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, the control (C) group (n = 29) received two pieces daily (standard croissant and muffin) and the sterol ester (SE) group (n = 28), the same products with sterol esters added (3.

Nut consumption, body weight and insulin resistance.

The beneficial effects of nuts on cardiovascular health are well known. However, since nuts provide a high caloric and fat content, some concern exists regarding a potential detrimental effect on body weight and insulin resistance. The current data available did not support such a negative effect of nut consumption on the short term or when nuts are included on diets that meet energy needs.

Potential uses and benefits of phytosterols in diet: present situation and future directions.

Over the past decade, the possibility of using phytosterols as ingredients in functional foods has led to numerous research studies in relation to their ability to reduce blood cholesterol. Many different types of carriers have been tested, with good results. The main conclusion is that the effective doses were between 1.

[The teaching of nutrition at medical schools:current situation].

Background: Although doctors, students and teachers all coincide in acknowledging the need for an appropriate knowledge of human nutrition in order to practice medicine, the inclusion of this discipline in the undergraduate curriculum has been rather scant. Until a few years ago, there were only two medical schools in Spain with a compulsory course in nutrition as part of the syllabus.

Goal: An attempt will be made to assess the current status of the teaching of nutrition within the syllabuses for a degree in Medicine and Surgery at Spanish universities.

Prevalence of co-morbidities in obese patients before bariatric surgery: effect of race.

Background: We evaluated the prevalence of co-morbidities, in particular diabetes, in a diverse population of morbidly obese patients who underwent gastric bypass surgery at our institution in New York City.

Methods: A retrospective study of 300 patients who had bariatric surgery between January 2001 and April 2002 was conducted.

Results: 57% of the patients had at least one metabolic complication, 30% had diabetes, 38% hypertension and 35% dyslipidemia.

Intralipid/heparin infusion suppresses serum leptin in humans.

Background/aim: Our previous studies showed that administration of dexamethasone plus food increased serum leptin levels 100% more than dexamethasone alone. We hypothesized that this increase in leptin from the meal could result directly from the provision of fuel metabolites rather than from the meal-induced rise in insulin. In the current study, we tested the effect of an i.