Chronic nausea and vomiting syndrome and impact on quality of life.

Introduction And Aim: Chronic nausea and vomiting syndrome is a disorder of gut-brain interaction that affects the productive-age population. Our aim was to determine the association of this disorder with quality of life, workplace performance, and socioeconomic impact related to gastrointestinal health.

Methods: A cross-sectional study on a Mexican population was conducted.

Position paper on perioperative management and surgical risk in the patient with cirrhosis.

Introduction: Management of the patient with cirrhosis of the liver that requires surgical treatment has been relatively unexplored. In Mexico, there is currently no formal stance or expert recommendations to guide clinical decision-making in this context.

Aims: The present position paper reviews the existing evidence on risks, prognoses, precautions, special care, and specific management or procedures for patients with cirrhosis that require surgical interventions or invasive procedures.

Immune-mediated hepatitis: Basic concepts and treatment.

Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized advanced cancer management. Nevertheless, the generalized use of these medications has led to an increase in the incidence of adverse immune-mediated events and the liver is one of the most frequently affected organs. Liver involvement associated with the administration of immunotherapy is known as immune-mediated hepatitis (IMH), whose incidence and clinical characteristics have been described by different authors.

Beyond conventional physical examination in hepatology: POCUS.

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) refers to the use of ultrasound imaging through pocket-sized sonographic devices at the patient's bedside, to make a diagnosis or direct a procedure and immediately answer a clinical question. Its goal is to broaden the physical examination, not to replace conventional ultrasound studies. POCUS has evolved as a complement to physical examination and has been adopted by different medical specialties, including hepatology.

Current vision on diagnosis and comprehensive care in hepatic encephalopathy.

The first clinical guidelines on hepatic encephalopathy were published in 2009. Almost 14 years since that first publication, numerous advances in the field of diagnosis, treatment, and special condition care have been made. Therefore, as an initiative of the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología A.

[Comparison of different tools for the evaluation of malnutrition and sarcopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis].

Introduction: malnutrition and sarcopenia are frequent in the population with liver cirrhosis and have a negative impact on the performance status and life expectancy of these patients. There are multiple assessment tools for malnutrition and sarcopenia in cirrhosis. Objective: to assess malnutrition and sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis and to compare the accuracy of diagnostic tools in this population.

Evaluation and management of emergencies in the patient with cirrhosis.

The approach to and management of critically ill patients is one of the most versatile themes in emergency medicine. Patients with cirrhosis of the liver have characteristics that are inherent to their disease that can condition modification in acute emergency treatment. Pathophysiologic changes that occur in cirrhosis merit the implementation of an analysis as to whether the overall management of a critically ill patient can generally be applied to patients with cirrhosis of the liver or if they should be treated in a special manner.

Position statement on the use of albumin in liver cirrhosis.

Cirrhosis is characterised by a prolonged asymptomatic period in which the inflammation persists, increasing as the disease progresses. Characteristic of this is the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-oxidant molecules which are determining factors in the development of multiple organ dysfunction. In the early development of cirrhosis, splanchnic arterial vasodilation, activation of vasoconstrictor systems (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) and the sympathetic nervous system (noradrenaline) bring about bacterial translocation and systemic dissemination via portal circulation of bacterial products, and molecular patterns associated with damage, which exacerbate the systemic inflammation present in the patient with cirrhosis.

Approach to the patient with cholestasis and jaundice syndrome. Joint AMH, AMG, and AMEG scientific position statement.

The term cholestasis refers to bile acid retention, whether within the hepatocyte or in the bile ducts of any caliber. Biochemically, it is defined by a level of alkaline phosphatase that is 1.67-times higher than the upper limit of normal.

Literacy, power, and affective (dis)encounter: An ethnographic study on a low-income community in Spain.

In areas of social exclusion, there are greater risks of facing discrimination at school. The teaching-learning processes may contribute toward the perpetuation of this inequality. This research analyzes a literacy event that takes place in a low-income school in Southern Spain.

"Validation of a spanish version of the 'Unité Rhumatologique Des Affections De La Main' (URAM) scale".

Background: In health care, quality-of-life surveys and questionnaires related to care are becoming increasingly important as a measure of its quality. There is currently no Spanish version of the Unité Rhumatologique des Affections de la Main (URAM) scale, which makes it suitable for hand pathology. The purposes of this study are to develop a Spanish version of the URAM and perform a transcultural adaptation of it, analyzing the result for reliability, validity, and sensitivity to changes.

Hepatic manifestations and impact of COVID-19 on the cirrhotic patient.

The novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is responsible for the infectious disease caused by coronavirus 19 (COVID-19). The current pandemic is growing worldwide and could affect 50-60% of the world population in the months to come. The most severe disease manifestations are atypical pneumonia and sepsis, but the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the liver, has recently been reported to be affected by SARS-CoV-2.

The Mexican consensus on alcoholic hepatitis.

Alcoholic hepatitis is a frequent condition in the Mexican population. It is characterized by acute-on-chronic liver failure, important systemic inflammatory response, and multiple organ failure. The severe variant of the disease implies elevated mortality.

Extrahepatic complications of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Its impact beyond the liver.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently one of the main causes of chronic liver disease in Western countries, with a 25% prevalence reported in the general population worldwide. Visceral adiposity and liver fat promote a state of systemic inflammation, predisposing individuals with NAFLD to the extrahepatic pathologies of cardiovascular disease (the most common cause of death in patients with NAFLD), diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, and an increased risk for presenting with gastrointestinal and extraintestinal neoplasias. Different mechanisms between NAFLD and its association with extrahepatic diseases have been reported, and lipotoxicity is the main cause of inflammatory pathway activation that results in extrahepatic tissue damage.

[Diagnostic validity of the isolated measurement of blood pressure in the community pharmacy. Optimum cut-off points].

Introduction And Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the diagnostic validity of blood pressure measurement in the community pharmacy (CPBP), and to set the cut-off points in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in order to maximise the aforementioned validity, using 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) as the reference method.

Material And Methods: A cross-sectional study with consecutive selection of patient users of the community pharmacy in Andalusia. The CPBP was measured, followed by 24-hour ABPM, which assessed the diagnostic validity of the CPBP.

[Reliability and external validity of a questionnaire to assess the knowledge about risk and cardiovascular disease and in patients attending Spanish community pharmacies].

Objectives: To determine the test-retest reliability of a questionnaire, with a validation preliminary, to assess knowledge of cardiovascular risk (CVR) and cardiovascular disease in patients attending community pharmacies in Spain. To complement the external validity, establishing the relationship between an educational activity and the increase in knowledge about CVR and cardiovascular disease.

Design: Sub-analysis of a controlled clinical study, EMDADER-CV, in which a questionnaire about knowledge concerning CVR was applied at 4 different times.

The effect on potential adverse drug events of a pharmacist-acquired medication history in an emergency department: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled, parallel-group study.

Background: Potential adverse drug events (PADEs) are defined as being potentially harmful unintentional medication discrepancies. Discrepancies regarding medication history (MH) often occur when a patient is being admitted to a hospital's emergency department (ED); they are clinically important and represent a significant source of data regarding adverse drug events occurring during emergency admission to hospital. This study sought to measure the impact of pharmacist-acquired MH during admission to an ED; it focused on whether a patient's current home medication regimen being available for a doctor when consulting a patient in an ED would have reduced potential adverse drug events.

[Comparison of health education and drug therapy monitoring interventions in patients with cardiovascular risk factors attending a community pharmacy (FISFTES-PM Study)].

Aim: To compare health education (HE) and drug therapy monitoring (DTM) interventions in patients with cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF).

Design: Randomised experimental studys: 100 patients per group.

Setting: Playa-Miramar pharmacy (Valencia, Spain).

Prevalence and attitude towards smoking in first, third and fifth-year pharmacy students in Spain: PRECOTABAC study.

Aim Of This Study: The aim of this study is to calculate smoking prevalence among first, third and fifth-year pharmacy students in Spain, and to describe their attitude towards giving up smoking.

Methods: Cross-sectional multi-center study using an ad hoc self-administered questionnaire in first, third and fifth-year pharmacy students at seven Spanish universities. Bivariate analysis with chi-square and Student's t-test, statistical significance p<0.

A multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled, parallel-group study of the effectiveness of a pharmacist-acquired medication history in an emergency department.

Background: Admission to an emergency department (ED) is a key vulnerable moment when patients are at increased risk of medication discrepancies and medication histories are an effective way of ensuring that fewer errors are made. This study measured whether a pharmacist-acquired medication history in an ED focusing on a patient's current home medication regimen, and available to be used by a doctor when consulting in the ED, would reduce the number of patients having at least 1 medication discrepancy related to home medication.

Methods: This multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled parallel-group study was conducted at 3 large teaching hospitals.

Pharmacotherapeutic Follow-up and Pharmacogenetics of CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 in Antihypertensive Therapy: A Pilot Study in a Community Pharmacy.

No pharmacogenetic studies have yet been conducted in community pharmacies, despite pharmacogenetics being an emerging discipline. Pharmacotherapeutic follow-up (PFU) was performed for 6 months in 37 patients receiving antihypertensive treatment, and they were genotyped for variant alleles *2 and *3 in the CYP2C9 gene and *1B in CYP3A4. Systolic blood pressure, cardiovascular risk, and adherence improved with PFU.

Effectiveness of Dader Method for pharmaceutical care on control of blood pressure and total cholesterol in outpatients with cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular risk: EMDADER-CV randomized controlled trial.

Background: Although some studies have demonstrated that pharmacist intervention can improve drug therapy among patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), more evidence derived from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is needed, including assessment of the effect of community pharmacist interventions in patients with CVD.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the Dader Method for pharmaceutical care on achieving therapeutic goals for blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TC), and both BP and TC (BP/TC) in patients with CVD and/or high or intermediate cardiovascular (CV) risk attending community pharmacies in Spain.

Methods: Patients aged 25 to 74 years attending community pharmacies with a prescription for at least 1 drug indicated for CVD or CV risk factors were randomized to 2 groups: an intervention group that received pharmaceutical care, which was provided by specially trained pharmacists working in collaboration with physicians, and a control group that received usual care (routine dispensing counseling) and verbal and written counseling regarding CVD prevention.

[Effect of pharmacist involvement in adherence to medications in patients with high to moderate cardiovascular risk (Study EMDADER-CV-INCUMPLIMIENTO)].

Objective: To evaluate the effect of pharmacist involvement, by means of Pharmacotherapy Follow-Up (PFU) in the improvement of medication adherence and therapeutic outcomes.

Design: An experimental, controlled, and randomised clinical study comparing a PFU program with the routine process in Spanish community pharmacies improved with health education during 8 months.

Setting: Nine Spanish community pharmacies.

Role of CYP450 in pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of antihypertensive drugs.

Introduction: Antihypertensive drugs are principally metabolised by enzymes of the P450 (CYP450) cytochrome family. Response to hypertensive treatment whose genetic basis is beginning to be known presents inter-individual differences among patients.

Objective: The aim of this review is to document the role of cytochrome enzymes P450 in the metabolising process of antihypertensive drugs, and to identify the most relevant polymorphisms in genes that code for these enzymes in order to facilitate future studies in hypertension pharmacogenetics.