Ancient Endemic or Recent Invader? Phylogenetic Position and the Probable Origin of the Ccladoceran (Diplostraca, Sididae) from the Ancient Lakes in the Balkans.

Ancient lakes contain unique and very vulnerable fauna. Determining and understanding the origin of such biodiversity is a key factor in promoting conservation and management actions in some of the most singular ecosystems on the planet. Lake Ohrid in the Balkans is known as a natural laboratory for speciation, containing a high number of endemic species.

Early science and colossal stone engineering in Menga, a Neolithic dolmen (Antequera, Spain).

Megaliths represent the earliest form of monumental stone architecture. The earliest megalithic chambers in Europe appeared in France in the fifth millennium BCE. Menga is the oldest of the great dolmens in Iberia (approximately 3800 to 3600 BCE).

Behavioral Problems and Family Impact in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection.

We examined behavior (Child Behavior Checklist) and family functioning (Family Impact Questionnaire) in 65 children with congenital cytomegalovirus. Behavioral problems were present in 30.8%.

Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy code: A systematic review for resource-limited settings.

It is estimated that 96% of infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) are born in resource-limited settings with no capacity to provide the standard of care that has been established for nearly 15 years in high-resource countries, which includes therapeutic hypothermia (TH), continuous electroencephalographic monitoring and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in addition to close vital signs and haemodynamic monitoring. This situation does not seem to be changing; however, even with these limitations, currently available knowledge can help improve the care of HIE patients in resource-limited settings. The purpose of this systematic review was to provide, under the term "HIE Code", evidence-based recommendations for feasible care practices to optimise the care of infants with HIE and potentially help reduce the risks associated with comorbidity and improve neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Incidence of encephalopathy and comorbidity in infants with perinatal asphyxia: a comparative prospective cohort study.

Background: Programs that aim to improve the detection hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) should establish which neonates suffering from perinatal asphyxia need to be monitored within the first 6 h of life.

Method: An observational prospective cohort study of infants with gestational age ≥35 weeks, and above 1,800g, were included according to their arterial cord pH value (ApH): ≤7.00 vs.

Neuroimaging in infants with congenital cytomegalovirus infection and its correlation with outcome: emphasis on white matter abnormalities.

Objective: To evaluate the association between neuroimaging and outcome in infants with congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV), focusing on qualitative MRI and quantitative diffusion-weighted imaging of white matter abnormalities (WMAs).

Methods: Multicentre retrospective cohort study of 160 infants with cCMV (103 symptomatic). A four-grade neuroimaging scoring system was applied to cranial ultrasonography and MRI acquired at ≤3 months.

Drought as a possible contributor to the Visigothic Kingdom crisis and Islamic expansion in the Iberian Peninsula.

The Muslim expansion in the Mediterranean basin was one the most relevant and rapid cultural changes in human history. This expansion reached the Iberian Peninsula with the replacement of the Visigothic Kingdom by the Muslim Umayyad Caliphate and the Muslim Emirate of Córdoba during the 8th century CE. In this study we made a compilation of western Mediterranean pollen records to gain insight about past climate conditions when this expansion took place.

Massive Neonatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke.

Background: Massive infarction in adults is a devastating entity characterized by signs of extreme swelling of the brain's parenchyma. We explored whether a similar entity exists in neonates, which we call massive neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (M-NAIS), and assess its potential clinical implications.

Methods: Prospective multicenter cohort study comprising 48 neonates with gestational age ≥35 weeks with middle cerebral artery (MCA) NAIS was performed.

Thrombin, protein C, and protein S values in mother-infant dyads in the postpartum period.

Introduction: The objective of the study was to establish the normal range for the levels of antithrombin (AT), protein C (PC), and protein S (PS) in the first week post birth in mother-infant pairings, adjusting for obstetric and perinatal factors, based on 2 different laboratory methods.

Methods: Determinations were carried out in 83 healthy term neonates and their mothers, establishing 3 postpartum age groups: 1-2 days, 3 days, and 4-7 days.

Results: There were no differences in the levels of any of the proteins between the different age groups in neonates or mothers in the first week post birth.

Breastfeeding duration is associated with larger cortical gray matter volumes in children from the ABCD study.

Background: Despite the numerous studies in favor of breastfeeding for its benefits in cognition and mental health, the long-term effects of breastfeeding on brain structure are still largely unknown. Our main objective was to study the relationship between breastfeeding duration and cerebral gray matter volumes. We also explored the potential mediatory role of brain volumes on behavior.

Adherence to hypothermia guidelines in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Introduction: We do not have population data in Spain on the application of therapeutic hypothermia (TH). The objective was to examine adherence to management standards during TH of infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).

Method: Multicenter observational cohort study from the beginning of TH (year 2010) in 5 hospitals in a Spanish region, until year 2019.

Past 200 kyr hydroclimate variability in the western Mediterranean and its connection to the African Humid Periods.

The Iberian Peninsula is located at the intersection between the subtropical and temperate climate zones and the paleoclimate records from this region are key to elucidate the varying humidity and changing dominance of atmospheric circulation patterns in the Mediterranean-North African region in the past. Here we present a quantitative hydroclimate reconstruction for the last ca. 200 kyr from southern Iberian Peninsula based on pollen data from the Padul lake sediment record.

[Current status of Therapeutic Hypothermia in Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy].

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has been the standard treatment for neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic En cephalopathy (HIE) for more than a decade. This therapy has been one of the best studied treatments in neonatal medicine, moving from preclinical models to patient application. Its implementation has been accompanied by the development of neuromonitoring, neonatal neurology as a specific area of expertise, and the intense search for new neuroprotective strategies.

CSF neopterin and beta-2-microglobulin as inflammation biomarkers in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Background: Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). The aim of this study was to measure inflammation in HIE through an analysis of CSF neopterin and β2-microglobulin and to study the association with brain injury as shown by MRI findings and neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Methods: CSF biomarkers were measured in study patients at 12 and 72 h.

Neurodevelopment in Children Exposed to Zika : Clinical and Molecular Aspects.

Five years after the identification of Zika virus as a human teratogen, we reviewed the early clinical manifestations, collectively called congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Children with CZS have a very poor prognosis with extremely low performance in motor, cognitive, and language development domains, and practically all feature severe forms of cerebral palsy. However, these manifestations are the tip of the iceberg, with some children presenting milder forms of deficits.

Ten years since the introduction of therapeutic hypothermia in neonates with perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in Spain.

Introduction: More than a decade has passed since therapeutic hypothermia (TH) was introduced in Spain; this is the only neuroprotective intervention that has become standard practice in the treatment of perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). This article aims to provide a current picture of the technique and to address the controversies surrounding its use.

Development: In the last 10 years, TH has been successfully implemented in the vast majority of tertiary hospitals in Spain, and more than 85% of newborns with moderate or severe HIE currently receive the treatment.

Value of brain damage biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is one of the leading causes of death and neurological disability worldwide. A key issue in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is accurately establishing the occurrence and severity of brain lesions soon after a perinatal hypoxic-ischemic event. This is crucial to help with prognosis; guide clinical decision-making, including the use of other therapies; and improve family counseling.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Ion Analysis in Neonatal Seizures.

Background: There is a gap of knowledge regarding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ion concentrations in normal and pathological states, particularly during the neonatal period. We aim to compare CSF ion concentrations in newborns with different causes of neonatal-onset epilepsy (NOE) and acute symptomatic seizures (ASS) and controls, to examine their usefulness for diagnostic purposes.

Methods: A descriptive retrospective study was conducted from January 2019 to June 2020 in a tertiary hospital.

Temporal Trends in the Severity and Mortality of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in the Era of Hypothermia.

Introduction: There is a paucity of studies examining temporal trends in the incidence and mortality of moderate-to-severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) during the last decade of therapeutic hypothermia (TH).

Methods: Multicenter cross-sectional study of all infants ≥35 weeks gestational age diagnosed with moderate-to-severe HIE within 6 h of birth in an extensive region of Spain between 2011 and 2019, in order to detect trend changes over time in the (1) annual incidence, (2) severity of neurological and systemic organ involvement, and (3) neonatal death from HIE.

Results: Annual incidence rate of moderate-to-severe HIE was 0.

[Adherence to hypothermia guidelines in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy].

Introduction: We do not have population data in Spain on the application of therapeutic hypothermia (TH). The objective was to examine adherence to management standards during TH of infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).

Method: Multicenter observational cohort study from the beginning of TH (year 2010) in 5 hospitals in a Spanish region, until year 2019.

Bedside and laboratory neuromonitoring in neonatal encephalopathy.

Several bedside and laboratory neuromonitoring tools are currently used in neonatal encephalopathy (NE) to assess 1) brain function [amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) and EEG], 2) cerebral oxygenation delivery and consumption [near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)] and 3) blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. The aim of the review is to provide the role of neuromonitoring in understanding the development of brain injury in these newborns and better predict their long-term outcome. Simultaneous use of these monitoring modalities may improve our ability to provide meaningful prognostic information regarding ongoing treatments.