Efficacy and safety of anti-PD-1 monotherapy anti-PD-1 antibodies plus lenvatinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a real-world experience.

Background: The efficacy of anti-programmed cell death (PD)-1 monotherapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC) is limited, and combination therapy with lenvatinib and pembrolizumab has shown promising results. However, comparative studies between immune monotherapies and combination therapies are lacking.

Objectives: To investigate the efficacy and safety of anti-PD-1 monotherapy (PD-1) and anti-PD-1 plus lenvatinib (PD-1 + ) in patients with aHCC to guide clinical treatment decisions.

IL-34 promotes foam cell formation by enhancing CD36 expression through p38 MAPK pathway.

Atherosclerosis is characterized as a chronic inflammatory disease and macrophage-derived foam cells play a central role during the pathologic processes. A newly discovered cytokine interleukin-34 (IL-34) is closely associated with various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Expression of IL-34 in obesity, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), lupus nephritis and coronary artery diseases (CAD) are significantly elevated.