Congenital hydrocephalus: a review of recent advances in genetic etiology and molecular mechanisms.

The global prevalence rate for congenital hydrocephalus (CH) is approximately one out of every five hundred births with multifaceted predisposing factors at play. Genetic influences stand as a major contributor to CH pathogenesis, and epidemiological evidence suggests their involvement in up to 40% of all cases observed globally. Knowledge about an individual's genetic susceptibility can significantly improve prognostic precision while aiding clinical decision-making processes.

The Value of the Correlation Coefficient Between the ICP Wave Amplitude and the Mean ICP Level (RAP) Combined With the Resistance to CSF Outflow (Rout) for Early Prediction of the Outcome Before Shunting in Posttraumatic Hydrocephalus.

Objective: To evaluate the value of the correlation coefficient between the ICP wave amplitude and the mean ICP level (RAP) and the resistance to CSF outflow (Rout) in predicting the outcome of patients with post-traumatic hydrocephalus (PTH) selected for shunting.

Materials And Methods: As a training set, a total of 191 patients with PTH treated with VP shunting were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate the potential predictive value of Rout, collected from pre-therapeutic CSF infusion test, for a desirable recovery level (dRL), standing for the modified rankin scale (mRS) of 0-2. Eventually, there were 70 patients with PTH prospectively included as a validation set to evaluate the value of Rout-combined RAP as a predictor of dRL.

Downregulation of the LncRNA MEG3 Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of BMSCs and Bone Repairing by Activating Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway.

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that long non-coding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) emerged as a key regulator in development and tumorigenesis. This study aims to investigate the function and mechanism of MEG3 in osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and explores the use of MEG3 in skull defects bone repairing.

Methods: Endogenous expression of MEG3 during BMSCs osteogenic differentiation was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

Intracranial Pressure during External Ventricular Drainage Weaning Is an Outcome Predictor of Traumatic Brain Injury.

External ventricular drainage (EVD) is widely used in patients with a traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the EVD weaning trial protocol varies and insufficient studies focus on the intracranial pressure (ICP) during the weaning trial. We aimed to establish the relationship between ICP during an EVD weaning trial and the outcomes of TBI.

Traumatic brain injury in China.

China has more patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) than most other countries in the world, making this condition a major public health concern. Population-based mortality of TBI in China is estimated to be approximately 13 cases per 100 000 people, which is similar to the rates reported in other countries. The implementation of various measures, such as safety legislation for road traffic, establishment of specialised neurosurgical intensive care units, and the development of evidence-based guidelines, have contributed to advancing prevention and care of patients with TBI in China.

Inhibition of ferroptosis attenuates tissue damage and improves long-term outcomes after traumatic brain injury in mice.

Aims: Ferroptosis, a new form of iron-dependent programmed cell death, has been shown to be involved in a range of diseases. However, the role of ferroptosis in traumatic brain injury (TBI) has yet to be elucidated. We aimed to investigate whether ferroptosis is induced after TBI and whether the inhibition of ferroptosis would protect against traumatic brain injury in a controlled cortical impact injury (CCI) mouse model.

Circular RNA Expression Profiles Alter Significantly after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in a variety of diseases. However, the roles of circRNAs in traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain unknown. In this study, circRNA microarray was used to profile the altered circRNAs in the rat hippocampus following TBI.

Alteration in Long Non-Coding RNA Expression after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes a primary insult and initiates a secondary injury cascade. The mechanisms underlying the secondary injury are multifactorial and may include the aberrant expression of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) post-TBI. Here, lncRNA microarray analysis was performed to profile the altered lncRNAs in the rat hippocampus after TBI.

Mild Hypothermia Promotes Pericontusion Neuronal Sprouting via Suppressing Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Expression after Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury.

Mild therapeutic hypothermia is a candidate for the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the role of mild hypothermia in neuronal sprouting after TBI remains obscure. We used a fluid percussion injury (FPI) model to assess the effect of mild hypothermia on pericontusion neuronal sprouting after TBI in rats.

Improved neurite outgrowth on central nervous system myelin substrate by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Nogo receptor.

Purpose: To investigate the in vitro effect of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against Nogo receptor (NgR) on neurite outgrowth under an inhibitory substrate of central nervous system (CNS) myelin.

Methods: Three siRNA sequences against NgR were designed and transfected into cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) to screen for the most effcient sequence of NgR siRNA by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining. NgR siRNA sequence 1 was found the most efficient which was then transfected into the CGCs grown on CNS myelin substrate to observe its disinhibition for neurite outgrowth.

Alteration of microRNA expression in cerebrospinal fluid of unconscious patients after traumatic brain injury and a bioinformatic analysis of related single nucleotide polymorphisms.

Purpose: It is becoming increasingly clear that genetic factors play a role in traumatic brain injury (TBI), whether in modifying clinical outcome after TBI or determining susceptibility to it. MicroRNAs are small RNA molecules involved in various pathophysiological processes by repressing target genes at the post- transcriptional level, and TBI alters microRNA expression levels in the hippocampus and cortex. This study was designed to detect differentially expressed microRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of TBI patients remaining unconscious two weeks after initial injury and to explore related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Direct hippocampal injection of pseudo lentivirus-delivered nerve growth factor gene rescues the damaged cognitive function after traumatic brain injury in the rat.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) treatment is a long-term process and requires repeated medicine administration, which, however, can cause high expense, infection, and hemorrhage to patients. To investigate how a long-term expression of nerve growth factor (Ngf) gene affects the injured hippocampus function post-TBI, in this study, a pseudo lentivirus carrying the β-Ngf fusion gene, with green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene, was constructed to show the gene expression and its ability of protecting cells from oxidative damage in vitro. Then, the pseudo lentivirus-carried β-Ngf fusion gene was directly injected into the injured brain to evaluate its influence on the injured hippocampus function post-TBI in vivo.

Moderate Hypothermia Significantly Decreases Hippocampal Cell Death Involving Autophagy Pathway after Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury.

Here, we evaluated changes in autophagy after post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) followed by moderate hypothermia in rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham injury with normothermia group (37 °C); sham injury with hypothermia group (32 °C); TBI with normothermia group (TNG; 37 °C); and TBI with hypothermia group (THG; 32 °C). Injury was induced by a fluid percussion TBI device.

MMP-9 inhibitor SB-3CT attenuates behavioral impairments and hippocampal loss after traumatic brain injury in rat.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential efficacy of SB-3CT, a matrix metallopeptidase 9 inhibitor, on behavioral and histological outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=15/group): TBI with SB-3CT treatment, TBI with saline, and sham injury. The TBI model was induced by a fluid percussion TBI device.

Endovascular treatment of the extracranial carotid pseudoaneurysms resulting from stab penetrating injury using overlapping bare stents.

Injury pertaining to the common carotid artery may result in complete or partial arterial transection, pseudoaneurysms, or arteriovenous connections. Endovascular treatment option of the pseudoaneurysm has already been established with favorable success rate and minimal morbidity. Our purpose is to report one 18-year-old male patient having 2 traumatic pseudoaneurysms as a result of penetrating stab injury in the extracranial common carotid.

Is management of acute traumatic brain injury effective? A literature review of published Cochrane Systematic Reviews.

Objective: To evaluate all the possible therapeutic measures concerning the acute management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) mentioned in Cochrane Systematic Reviews published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR).

Methods: An exhausted literature search for all published Cochrane Systematic Reviews discussing therapeutic rather than prevention or rehabilitative interventions of TBI was conducted. We retrieved such databases as CDSR and Cochrane Injury Group, excluded the duplications, and eventually obtained 20 results, which stand for critical appraisal for as many as 20 different measures for TBI patients.

Effect of therapeutic mild hypothermia on the genomics of the hippocampus after moderate traumatic brain injury in rats.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a major cause of morbidity and mortality, is a serious public health concern.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of mild hypothermia on gene expression in the hippocampus and to try to elucidate molecular mechanisms of hypothermic neuroprotection after TBI.

Methods: Rats were subjected to mild hypothermia (group 1: n = 3, 33 degrees C, 3H) or normothermia (group 2: n = 3; 37 degrees C, 3H) after TBI.

Lack of effect of moderate hypothermia on brain tissue oxygenation after acute intracranial hypertension in pigs.

In this study, we explored the effect of moderate hypothermia on brain tissue oxygenation following acute intracranial hypertension in micropigs. Twenty healthy juvenile micropigs weighting 4-6 kg were randomized into two groups: a normothermia group (n = 10) and a moderate hypothermia group (n = 10). The animals were intravenously anesthetized with propofol (4 mg/kg), an endotracheal tube was inserted, and mechanical ventilation was begun.

Bilateral decompressive craniectomy for patients with malignant diffuse brain swelling after severe traumatic brain injury: a 37-case study.

Abstract In this study we retrospectively analyzed the outcome of bilateral decompressive craniectomy (BDC) for 37 patients with bilateral malignant diffuse brain swelling following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Our 37 patients (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Violent head trauma in China: report of 2254 cases.

Background: The occurrence of violent trauma has recently increased, and it has become both a social and medical problem in China. We are the first to explore violent head trauma in China.

Methods: Patients with violent head trauma were taken from all hospitalized patients with head trauma from January 2001 to December 2006 admitted to 11 hospitals in China.

Marked protection by selective cerebral profound hypothermia after complete cerebral ischemia in primates.

Hypothermia has been demonstrated to protect the brain from ischemia or traumatic brain injury. Achieving profound hypothermia has relied on techniques requiring total body cooling, which may result in serious cardiovascular and pulmonary complications. A technique to selectively cool the brain could conceivably exert a marked protection on cerebral structures and provide a relatively bloodless operative surgical field without systemic complications.

Effect of long-term mild hypothermia or short-term mild hypothermia on outcome of patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

To compare the effect of long-term mild hypothermia versus short-term mild hypothermia on the outcome of 215 severe traumatic brain injured patients with cerebral contusion and intracranial hypertension. At three medical centers, 215 patients aged 18 to 45 years old with an admission Glasgow Coma Scale < or =8 within 4 h after injury were randomly divided into two groups: long-term mild hypothermia group (n = 108) for 5+/-1.3 days mild hypothermia therapy and short-term mild hypothermia group (n = 107) for 2+/-0.

Early indicators of prognosis in 846 cases of severe traumatic brain injury.

A number of factors, including Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, age, pupillary response and size, hypoxia, hyperthermia, and high intracranial pressure, may play an important role in predicting the outcome of traumatic brain injury. Eight hundred forty-six cases of severe traumatic brain injury (GCS < or = 8) were analyzed retrospectively to clarify the effects of multiple factors on the prognosis of patients. At 1 year after injury, the outcomes in these cases were as follows: good recovery, 31.