Hyperprogression and Immunotherapy: Fact, Fiction, or Alternative Fact?

Immunotherapy (IO) has altered the therapeutic landscape for multiple cancers. There are emerging data from retrospective studies on a subset of patients who do not benefit from IO, instead experiencing rapid progression with dramatic acceleration of disease trajectory, termed 'hyperprogressive disease' (HPD). The incidence of HPD ranges from 4% to 29% from the studies reported.

Adrenal cortical carcinoma: pathology, genomics, prognosis, imaging features, and mimics with impact on management.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor with a poor prognosis. Most tumors are either metastatic or locally invasive at the time of diagnosis. Differentiation between ACC and other adrenal masses depends on clinical, biochemical, and imaging factors.

Potential Application of Dual-Energy CT in Gynecologic Cancer: Initial Experience.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to review the use of dual-energy CT (DECT) in the assessment of gynecologic cancer.

Conclusion: DECT has the potential to improve diagnostic performance, may improve the ability to differentiate between simple cystic lesions and primary ovarian cancer, and may also improve the detection of musculoskeletal and liver metastases. Additional studies will be needed to determine the direction of future developments and the degree to which DECT will affect the imaging and management of gynecologic cancer.

STUMP un"stumped": anti-tumor response to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor based targeted therapy in uterine inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor with myxoid features harboring DCTN1-ALK fusion.

Background: Recurrent, metastatic mesenchymal myxoid tumors of the gynecologic tract present a management challenge as there is minimal evidence to guide systemic therapy. Such tumors also present a diagnostic dilemma, as myxoid features are observed in leiomyosarcomas, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMT), and mesenchymal myxoid tumors. Comprehensive genomic profiling was performed in the course of clinical care on a case of a recurrent, metastatic myxoid uterine malignancy (initially diagnosed as smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP)), to guide identify targeted therapeutic options.

Diagnostic approach to hereditary renal cell carcinoma.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to discuss the histopathologic features, genetics, clinical presentation, and imaging of hereditary renal cancer syndromes.

Conclusion: Hereditary renal cell carcinoma syndromes can be diagnosed with a pattern-based approach focused on the predominant histologic renal cell carcinoma subtype and associated renal and extrarenal features of each syndrome.

Uncommon pancreatic tumors and pseudotumors.

A heterogeneous group of uncommon neoplastic and non-neoplastic pancreatic pathologies exists that can mimic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. These "imitators" are unique and may demonstrate characteristic clinical and imaging features. Imaging characteristics of some of these diverse lesions are not well described in the literature, and erroneous diagnoses of these entities as pancreatic carcinoma may be responsible for unnecessary surgeries.

Multimodality imaging of diseases of the duodenum.

The duodenum is a unique segment of intestine, occupying both intra and extra-peritoneal locations. There is a wide spectrum of abnormalities of the duodenum that range from congenital anomalies to traumatic, inflammatory, and neoplastic entities. The duodenum may be overlooked on cross-sectional imaging due to its location and small size.

Current update on combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma.

Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma is a rare but unique primary hepatic tumor with characteristic histology and tumor biology. Recent development in genetics and molecular biology support the fact that combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma is closely linked with cholangiocarcinoma, rather than hepatocellular carcinoma. Combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma tends to present with an more aggressive behavior and a poorer prognosis than either hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma.

Diaphragmatic hernia after esophagectomy in 440 patients with long-term follow-up.

Background: Postesophagectomy diaphragmatic hernia (PDH) is a recognized but severely under-reported and potentially hazardous event. Information regarding the natural course of this condition and guidelines regarding indications for reoperative intervention are lacking. In this study we aim to describe the frequency, predictors of incidence, and indications for repair.

Solid pseudo-papillary tumors of the pancreas: current update.

Solid pseudo-papillary tumors are rare pancreatic tumors, which occur in females and are typically indolent neoplasms. However, atypical, aggressive variants can occur with locally advanced disease or metastases. They have characteristic imaging features, which vary according to size.

Diaphragmatic hernia after esophagectomy for esophageal malignancy.

Purpose: Diaphragmatic hernia (DH) is an uncommon complication after esophagectomy, with <150 cases reported in the literature. The objective of our study was to determine the incidence and clinical presentation of this condition and to describe the prospective recognition of this finding in radiologic reports.

Materials And Methods: Cross-sectional imaging studies of all patients who underwent an esophagectomy between January 2001 and December 2007 at a single tertiary care center were retrospectively reviewed by 2 radiologists who were blinded to the clinical information and radiologic reports.

Portal vein embolization: cross-sectional imaging of normal features and complications.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to describe the role of cross-sectional imaging before portal vein embolization, the normal imaging findings after the procedure, and the imaging findings of postprocedural complications.

Conclusion: With the increasing emphasis on aggressive resection of hepatic malignancies, portal vein embolization has evolved into a leading technique. Radiologists need to be familiar with the normal imaging findings after this procedure and with the imaging findings of postprocedural complications.

Complications of oncologic therapy in the abdomen and pelvis: a review.

Cancer therapy has significantly improved in the past few decades with development of various newer classes of cytotoxic chemotherapy as well as novel, molecularly targeted chemotherapy. Similar to chemotherapy, radiotherapy is another important therapeutic option used in the curative and palliative management of various abdominal malignancies. However, both these treatments affect the tumor as well as the normal tissues, leading to significant toxicity.