Environmentally compatible next generation green energetic materials (GEMs).

This paper briefly reviews the literature work reported on the environmentally compatible green energetic materials (GEMs) for defence and space applications. Currently, great emphasis is laid in the field of high-energy materials (HEMs) to increase the environmental stewardship along with the deliverance of improved performance. This emphasis is especially strong in the areas of energetic materials, weapon development, processing, and disposal operations.

Studies on thermal decomposition mechanism of CL-20 by pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS).

The thermal decomposition study of CL-20 (hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane) using pyrolysis GC/MS was carried out mainly by electron impact (EI) mode. Chemical ionization (CI) mode was used for further confirmation of identified species. Mass spectrum of CL-20 decomposition products predominantly revealed fragments with m/z 81 and 96 corresponding to C(4)H(5)N(2)(+) and C(4)H(4)N(2)O(+) ions, respectively.

Study on ultrasound assisted precipitation of CL-20 and its effect on morphology and sensitivity.

Applying ultrasound to crystallizing systems offers significant advantages for modifying and improving the processes as well as quality of products. This paper reports on ultrasound assisted reprecipitation of CL-20 to obtain fine particles as well as to achieve desired morphology, which will improve insensitivity characteristics. In this study, CL-20 has been reprecipitated by sonication process and has been characterized by DSC, SEM and particle size analysis.

Synthesis, characterization and thermolysis of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) and its salts.

The present paper discusses the efforts made in HEMRL to establish the synthesis of FOX-7 at 100 g/batch level. In the present study, 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene has been synthesised by treatment of acetamidinium chloride with diethylmalonate to obtain 2-methyl-pyrimidine-4,6-dione which on nitration followed by hydrolysis gave FOX-7. The synthesised FOX-7 has been characterized by spectroscopic and thermal techniques.

Synthesis, characterization and thermolysis studies on triazole and tetrazole based high nitrogen content high energy materials.

This paper reports the synthesis, characterisation and thermolysis studies of hydrazinium azotetrazolate (HAZ) and 1,1'-dinitro-3,3'-azo-1,2,4-triazole (N-DNAT). TGA and DSC results suggested that HAZ decomposes in the range of 150-180 degrees C and N-DNAT in the range of 160-170 degrees C, respectively. The pattern of decomposition of HAZ dihydrate and N-DNAT has been predicted with the help of pyrolysis GC/MS technique and a probable decomposition mechanism has been proposed.

Computer code for the optimization of performance parameters of mixed explosive formulations.

LOTUSES is a novel computer code, which has been developed for the prediction of various thermodynamic properties such as heat of formation, heat of explosion, volume of explosion gaseous products and other related performance parameters. In this paper, we report LOTUSES (Version 1.4) code which has been utilized for the optimization of various high explosives in different combinations to obtain maximum possible velocity of detonation.

Effect of organic additives on the mitigation of volatility of 1-nitro-3,3'-dinitroazetidine (TNAZ): next generation powerful melt cast able high energy material.

1-Nitro-3,3'-dinitroazetidine (TNAZ) was synthesized based on the lines of reported method. Thermolysis studies on synthesized and characterized TNAZ using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and hyphenated TG-FT-IR techniques were undertaken to generate data on decomposition pattern. FT-IR of decomposition products of TNAZ revealed the evolution of oxides of nitrogen and HCN containing species suggesting the cleavage of C/N-NO(2) bond accompanied with the collapse of ring structure.

1,3,3-Trinitroazetidine (TNAZ), a melt-cast explosive: synthesis, characterization and thermal behaviour.

1,3,3-Trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) has been prepared at a laboratory scale in HEMRL. The structure of the compound has been confirmed by IR, NMR, mass, elemental analysis and by X-ray crystallography. HPLC technique has been employed to confirm the purity of TNAZ (>99%).

Cost-effective synthesis of 5,7-diamino-4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (CL-14) and its evaluation in plastic bonded explosives.

5,7-Diamino-4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (CL-14) has been synthesized by a cost-effective method. CL-14 was characterized by spectral data (IR, NMR and mass) and elemental analysis. The compound was evaluated in plastic bonded explosives (PBX) using polyurethane (PU) as binder.

Gas chromatographic studies of the carbamylation of haemoglobin by methyl isocyanate in rats and rabbits.

Carbamylation of the N-terminal valine of haemoglobin with methyl isocyanate in rats and rabbits has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo by gas chromatography. N-Methylcarbamylated haemoglobin, converted by cyclization into 3-methyl-5-isopropylhydantoin, has been quantified by gas chromatography. Standard hydantoin was synthesized, chemically characterized and used for calibration.