Evaluation of Antibiotic Use in Kazakhstan for the Period 2017-2019 Based on WHO Access, Watch and Reserve Classification (AWaRe 2019).

The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the consumption of antibiotics for systemic use reimbursed by the state in Kazakhstan for 2017-2019 with the Access, Watch, and Reserve classification (AWaRe 2019) of the World Health Organization (WHO). The evaluation of the consumption of antibiotics for systemic use in Kazakhstan for 2017-2019 was carried out using the ATC/DDD methodology in accordance with the WHO AWaRe classification. The study used data on all antibiotics that were centrally purchased by a single purchaser during the study period.

The Evaluation of Antibiotic Consumption at the Inpatient Level in Kazakhstan from 2011 to 2018.

Antimicrobial agents have a rather special position due to their importance as essential medicines for the treatment of infectious diseases. Evidence-based prescriptions are needed to optimize the use of antimicrobials in humans, as well as to decrease antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to assess the inpatient consumption of antimicrobial drugs for systemic use in the period 2011-2018 in Kazakhstan.

The impact of health expenditures on public health in BRICS nations.

•Experiencing a rapid economic growth, Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS nations) are now confronting a growing aging population and an increasing prevalence of noncommunicable diseases.•The health care spending share of the economy in the BRICS nations is growing and constitutes an important part of governmental efforts to address population health and health care systems.•Even with the growth in health expenditures, there remains a significant challenge in balancing the need for promoting public health, controlling noncommunicable diseases, and improving population health in these emerging economies.