Molecular effects of intermittent stress on primary feline uroepithelial cell culture as an model of feline idiopathic cystitis.

Introduction: The most common cause of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUDT) is feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC), which is a complex multifactorial disease with symptoms including stranguria, dysuria, hematuria, and pain during urination. The development of these symptoms is often triggered by stress, and in case of chronic stress, these symptoms will many times return. One of the most important stress hormones in the pathogenesis of FIC is norepinephrine (NE), as persistently elevated level of this hormone can be measured in the blood of cats with FIC.

Effect of hydroxylated and methylated flavonoids on cytochrome P450 activity in porcine intestinal epithelial cells.

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) oxidases are among the main metabolizing enzymes that are responsible for the transformation of xenobiotics, including clinically important drugs. Their activity can be influenced by several compounds leading to decreased efficacy or increased toxicity of co-administered medicines. Flavonoids exert various beneficial effects on human and animal health; therefore they are used as food and feed supplements.

The Impact of Quercetin and Its Methylated Derivatives 3-o-Methylquercetin and Rhamnazin in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Porcine Intestinal Cells.

Oxidative stress in the small intestine can lead to inflammation and barrier malfunction. The present study describes the effect of quercetin (Q), 3-o-methylquercetin (QM), and rhamnazin (R) on cell viability, paracellular permeability, production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), extracellular hydrogen peroxide (HO), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) after challenging jejunal cells (IPEC-J2) with different types ( ser. Typhimurium, O111:B4, and O127:B8) of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) applied in 10 µg/mL concentration.

Protective effects of chicoric acid on polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid exposed chicken hepatic cell culture mimicking viral damage and inflammation.

Virus induced damage triggered by excessive inflammation and free radical production is a major threat in the poultry industry, leading to low productivity even in vaccinated flocks. The purpose of the study was to induce inflammation with the viral double-stranded RNA analog polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) on chicken primary hepatocyte - non-parenchymal cell co-cultures to investigate the immunomodulatory and cell protectant effects of chicoric acid (CA) in comparison to N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Poly I:C significantly elevated the activity of the cell damage marker, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the concentration of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IFN-α, IFN-γ and M-CSF) in the culture medium and decreased cellular metabolic activity.

Effect of NCIMB 10415 on Gut Barrier Function, Internal Redox State, Proinflammatory Response and Pathogen Inhibition Properties in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells.

In farm animals, intestinal diseases caused by spp. and may lead to significant economic loss. In the past few decades, the swine industry has largely relied on the prophylactic use of antibiotics to control gastrointestinal diseases.

Modulation of Hepatic Insulin and Glucagon Signaling by Nutritional Factors in Broiler Chicken.

Influencing the endocrine metabolic regulation of chickens by nutritional factors might provide novel possibilities for improving animal health and productivity. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of dietary cereal type (wheat-based (WB) vs. maize-based (MB) diets), crude protein level (normal (NP) vs.

Two Sides to Every Question: Attempts to Activate Chicken Innate Immunity in 2D and 3D Hepatic Cell Cultures.

The liver with resident tissue macrophages is the site of vivid innate immunity, activated also by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) leaking through the intestinal barrier. As gut-derived inflammatory diseases are of outstanding importance in broiler chickens, the present study aimed to establish a proper hepatic inflammatory model by comparing the action of different PAMPs from poultry pathogens on chicken 2D and 3D primary hepatocyte-non-parenchymal cell co-cultures, the latter newly developed with a magnetic bioprinting method. The cultures were challenged by the bacterial endotoxins lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from , lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from and by enterotoxin (ETxB) from , Typhimurium derived flagellin, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) as a model proinflammatory agent and polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) for mimicking viral RNA exposure.

Effects of Acute Heat Stress on a Newly Established Chicken Hepatocyte-Nonparenchymal Cell Co-Culture Model.

Heat stress is one of the most important issues in broiler flocks impairing animal health and productivity. On a cellular level, excess heat exposure can trigger heat shock response acting for the restoration of cell homeostasis by several mechanisms, such as affecting heat shock protein synthesis, redox homeostasis and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. The major aim of this study was to establish a novel avian hepatocyte-nonparenchymal cell co-culture as a model for investigating the cellular effects of heat stress and its interaction with inflammation in chicken liver.

Chlorogenic Acid Combined with Lactobacillus plantarum 2142 Reduced LPS-Induced Intestinal Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in IPEC-J2 Cells.

This study was carried out to investigate protective effect of chlorogenic acid against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in intestinal epithelial cells. As a marker of inflammatory response, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α mRNA and protein levels, furthermore, COX-2 mRNA level were followed up. Intracellular redox status and extracellular H2O2 level were also monitored by two fluorescent assays (DCFH-DA, Amplex Red).

Inhibition of Matriptase Activity Results in Decreased Intestinal Epithelial Monolayer Integrity In Vitro.

Barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel diseases implies enhanced paracellular flux and lowered transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) causing effective invasion of enteropathogens or altered intestinal absorption of toxins and drug compounds. To elucidate the role of matriptase-driven cell surface proteolysis in the maintenance of intestinal barrier function, the 3-amidinophenylalanine-derived matriptase inhibitor, MI-432 was used on porcine IPEC-J2 cell monolayer. Studies with two fluorescent probes revealed that short (2 h) treatment with MI-432 caused an altered distribution of oxidative species between intracellular and extracellular spaces in IPEC-J2 cells.

Polymethoxyflavone Apigenin-Trimethylether Suppresses LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response in Nontransformed Porcine Intestinal Cell Line IPEC-J2.

The in vitro anti-inflammatory effect of apigenin and its trimethylated analogue (apigenin-trimethylether) has been investigated in order to evaluate whether these flavonoids could attenuate LPS-induced inflammation in IPEC-J2 non-transformed intestinal epithelial cells. Levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and COX-2 mRNA were measured as a marker of inflammatory response. The extracellular H2O2 level in IPEC-J2 cells was also monitored by Amplex Red assay.

Gentamicin sulphate permeation through porcine intestinal epithelial cell monolayer.

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic widely used in combination with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) in topical drug formulations. It is not known, however, whether DMSO can enhance the permeation of gentamicin through biological membranes, leading to oto- and nephrotoxic side effects. A simple and reliable high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was applied for the quantitative determination of gentamicin collected from the apical and basolateral compartments of the porcine intestinal epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 cell monolayer using fluorometric derivatisation of the analyte with fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl chloride (FMOC) prior to chromatographic run in the presence and absence of 1% DMSO.

Biofilm formation in Malassezia pachydermatis strains isolated from dogs decreases susceptibility to ketoconazole and itraconazole.

Malassezia pachydermatis is a commonly isolated yeast in veterinary dermatology that can produce biofilms in vitro and in vivo, lowering its susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the in vitro susceptibility of planktonic cells and biofilms of M. pachydermatis isolates to ketoconazole and itraconazole.

Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum 2142 and sodium n-butyrate in lipopolysaccharide-triggered inflammation: comparison of a porcine intestinal epithelial cell line and primary hepatocyte monocultures with a porcine enterohepatic co-culture system.

This study was based on our previously developed double-layered enterohepatic co-culture system, composed of nontumorigenic porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) and primary culture of porcine hepatocytes. The anti-inflammatory effect of spent culture supernatant of Lactobacillus plantarum 2142 (Lp2142; 13.3%) and sodium n-butyrate (2 mM) was tested on IPEC-J2 and hepatocyte monocultures as well as on the gut-liver co-culture.

Effects of dietary sodium butyrate on hepatic biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of erythromycin in chickens.

Butyrate, a commonly applied feed additive in poultry nutrition, can modify the expression of certain genes, including those encoding cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. In comparative in vitro and in vivo experiments, the effect of butyrate on hepatic CYP genes was examined in primary cultures of chicken hepatocytes and in liver samples of chickens collected from animals that had been given butyrate as a feed additive. Moreover, the effect of butyrate on the biotransformation of erythromycin, a marker substance for the activity of enzymes of the CYP3A family, was investigated in vitro and in vivo.

The effects of intestinal LPS exposure on inflammatory responses in a porcine enterohepatic co-culture system.

A porcine enterohepatic co-culture system, with primary hepatocytes as bottom layer and IPEC-J2 epithelial cells as upper layer, was developed to study the effects of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the gene expression profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-α) and CYP enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A29). The barrier integrity of IPEC-J2 cells was investigated by transepithelial electrical resistance measurements and by fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran-based test. Basolateral IL-8 production was significantly elevated in LPS-treated IPEC-J2 and primary hepatocyte mono-cultures as well as in the co-culture system, in a dose-independent manner.

Epigenetic effects of dietary butyrate on hepatic histone acetylation and enzymes of biotransformation in chicken.

The aim of the study was to investigate the in vivo epigenetic influences of dietary butyrate supplementation on the acetylation state of core histones and the activity of drug-metabolising microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in the liver of broiler chickens in the starter period. One-day-old Ross 308 broilers were fed a starter diet without or with sodium butyrate (1.5 g/kg feed) for 21 days.

Lactobacillus plantarum 2142 prevents intestinal oxidative stress in optimized in vitro systems.

Recently, there has been a growing interest to replace antibiotics' administration with the application of probiotics. The aim of our investigations was to reveal the influence of spent culture supernatant of Lactobacillus plantarum 2142 on the response of enterocytes to oxidative stress, and the spent culture supernatant's ability to protect them from oxidative injury. The experiments were performed on non-carcinogenic porcine epithelial cell line, IPEC-J2 isolated from a neonatal piglet and on human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, Caco-2.

Expression of claudin-1 in canine peripheral nerve sheath tumours and perivascular wall tumours. Immunohistochemical study.

Aims: A peripheral nerve sheath tumour consists of neoplastic Schwann cells or perineurial cells, or a mixture of Schwann cells, perineurial cells and fibroblasts. The first aim of the present study was to characterise the expression of the claudin-1 tight junction protein in canine intact peripheral nerves, canine benign peripheral nerve sheath tumours (cBPNSTs), such as schwannomas, neurofibromas, perineuriomas and canine malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (cMPNSTs), and in different other benign and malignant canine spindle cell tumours. The second aim of the present study was to examine whether claudin-1 can help to distinguish the subgroups of canine perivascular wall tumours.

Metabolites of Lactobacillus plantarum 2142 prevent oxidative stress-induced overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines in IPEC-J2 cell line.

Probiotics have already proven beneficial effects in the treatment of several intestinal infections, but the underlying mechanisms how the probiotics can affect responses of porcine IPEC-J2 enterocytes to oxidative stress remained to be elucidated. The immunomodulatory effect of five bacterial strains (Lactobacillus plantarum 2142, Lactobacillus casei Shirota, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 and Enterococcus faecium CECT 4515) on 1 mM peroxide-triggered upregulation of interleukin (IL)-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) level was screened by q RT-PCR.

Efficacy of protected sodium butyrate, a protected blend of essential oils, their combination, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spore suspension against artificially induced necrotic enteritis in broilers.

Necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens leads to serious economical losses to the poultry industry. There is a growing need to find effective, nontoxic, antibiotic alternatives to prevent and cure the disease. In our study, the efficacy of protected sodium butyrate at 1.

Acute oxidative stress affects IL-8 and TNF-α expression in IPEC-J2 porcine epithelial cells.

Reactive oxygen species are implicated in cell and tissue damage in a number of diseases including acute and chronic inflammation of the gut. Effects of H(2)O(2) exposure on non-carcinogenic porcine epithelial cell line, IPEC-J2 cells cultured on collagen-coated membrane inserts were monitored based on transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) change, extent of necrotic cell damage, gene expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α. Furthermore, the junction proteins claudin-1 and E-cadherin were also investigated by immunohistochemistry.

Expression of claudin-4 molecule in canine exocrine pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas.

Aims: Claudins, integral membrane proteins are components of the tight junction structures between epithelial and endothelial cells. These transmembrane proteins create a primary barrier to prevent paracellular transport of solutes, and also restrict the lateral diffusion of membrane lipids and proteins to maintain the cellular polarity. The aim of the present study was to characterise the expression pattern of claudin-4 tight junction molecule in canine normal pancreatic tissues and in the well-differentiated and poorly-differentiated pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas in canines.

A case of synchronous hepatocellular carcinoma and aortic body chemodectoma in a dog - pathological case report.

The authors describe a case of synchronously occurring (double) tumours, i.e. primary hepatocellular carcinoma and aortic body chemodectoma in a 14-year-old mixed-breed male dog.

Claudin-7-positive synchronous spontaneous intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, adenocarcinoma and adenomas of the gallbladder in a Bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps).

In this study, synchronous spontaneous, independent liver and gallbladder tumours were detected in a Bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps). The multiple tumours consisted of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma as well as in situ adenocarcinoma and two adenomas of the gallbladder. The biliary epithelial cells and the cholangiocarcinoma showed membranous cross-immunoreactivity for claudin-7.