Internet-based, continuously available Narcotics Anonymous meetings: a new resource for access to Twelve Step support for abstinence.

A Zoom-based website was developed in 2020 that offers continuous access to online Narcotics Anonymous (NA) meetings for the first time. This website provides immediate access for persons with substance use disorder to support abstinence from substance-related addictive disorders. This study is designed to characterize attendees employing this online format; to evaluate their experiences for gaining support to maintain abstinence; and to compare the 24/7 experience to face-to-face (FF) meetings they attend.

A scoping review of spirituality in relation to substance use disorders: Psychological, biological, and cultural issues.

Background: Spirituality is a construct encompassing a diversity of strongly held beliefs and pursuits related to life's meaning and purpose. Empirical studies in key domains of spirituality related to substance use disorder (SUD) can be valuable in guiding research, and potentially clinical care.

Objectives: To conduct a scoping review of research on the psychological, biological, and cultural dimensions of spirituality and their role in relation to SUD.

Internal and External Resources Relied on by Established Twelve Step Fellowship Members for Their Recoveries.

The Twelve Steps described by Narcotics Anonymous (NA) and Alcoholics Anonymous denote key aspects of how members can achieve abstinence from alcohol and other drugs. However, there are limited empirical findings on what long-term members rely on to support their ongoing recovery. In order to clarify the members' reliance on those latter resources, we surveyed 2,293 long-term NA members through the internet on items they rely on for their recovery.

Narcotics Anonymous members in recovery from methamphetamine use disorder.

Background And Objectives: Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is a major public health problem, but there are no evidence-based, best-practice, pharmacologic, or behavioral treatments for it. Narcotics Anonymous (NA) may provide an option for referral for such patients.

Methods: Two waves of surveys were sent to a sample of NA members to evaluate demographic, drug use, and NA-related issues.

Review: Cannabinoids as Medicinals.

Purpose Of Review: There have been many debates, discussions, and published writings about the therapeutic value of cannabis plant and the hundreds of cannabinoids it contains. Many states and countries have attempted, are attempting, or have already passed bills to allow legal use of cannabinoids, especially cannabidiol (CBD), as medicines to treat a wide range of clinical conditions without having been approved by a regulatory body. Therefore, by using PubMed and Google Scholar databases, we have reviewed published papers during the past 30 years on cannabinoids as medicines and comment on whether there is sufficient clinical evidence from well-designed clinical studies and trials to support the use of CBD or any other cannabinoids as medicines.

The role of spirituality in addiction medicine: a position statement from the spirituality interest group of the international society of addiction medicine.

Spirituality is a construct that is reflected in a diversity of strongly felt personal commitments in different cultural and national groups. For persons with substance use disorders (SUDs), it can serve as a component of the recovery capital available to them. This position statement reviews empirical research that can shed light on psychological, social, and biological aspects of this construct.

Virtual Twelve Step Meeting Attendance During the COVID-19 Period: A Study of Members of Narcotics Anonymous.

Objectives: Face-to-face meetings are key components of Twelve Step (TS) fellowships' support of members' abstinence. Home confinement during COVID-19 made this less feasible. Our objective was to ascertain whether a transition to virtual online meetings among TS members took place, and whether it was potentially effective.

Mentorship for Addiction Problems (MAP): A New Behavioral Intervention to Assist in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders.

Objective: Mentorship for Addiction Problems (MAP) is a new behavioral treatment formalizing client-to-client mentorship relationships as an adjunct to standard outpatient substance use disorder treatment. We tested the preliminary efficacy of MAP in reducing substance use and associated barriers to successful treatment outcomes.

Method: A total of 65 participants (17 later recovery participants [LRPs] and 48 early recovery participants [ERPs]) with substance use disorders were randomized to MAP + Treatment as Usual (TAU) or TAU alone.

Addiction Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine: The Evolution of Addiction Physician Specialists.

Addiction Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine are two physician subspecialities recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) that focus on providing care for patients with substance use disorders. Their shared and distinct historical roots are reviewed, and their respective ABMS board examination content areas and Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) fellowship training program requirements are compared. Addiction Psychiatry, a subspecialty under the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, began certifying diplomates in 1993, currently has 1202 active diplomates, and certifies around 150 diplomates every 2 years through 50 ACGME-accredited fellowships.

An empirical study on the construct of "God" in the Twelve Step process.

: The term God, included in 5 of the 12 Steps of Narcotics Anonymous (NA) and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), self-designated spiritual fellowships, has not been studied empirically relative to members' experiences. A greater understanding of this can be clinically useful and can shed light on the 12 Step process of recovery. : To determine how NA members understand the 12-step concept "God as we understood Him" and the relationship between their understanding of God and the intensity of their craving and depressive symptoms.

Buprenorphine Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder in Community-Based Settings: Outcome Related to Intensity of Services and Urine Drug Test Results.

Background And Objectives: Variables contributing to the outcome of buprenorphine treatment for opiate use disorder have been studied, including patient characteristics and the treatment approach applied. It is also valuable to study the types of clinical facilities that can affect outcome.

Methods: We evaluated patients (N = 20 993) in 573 facilities where buprenorphine was prescribed.

Cross-cultural Applicability of the 12-Step Model: A Comparison of Narcotics Anonymous in the USA and Iran.

Objective: Narcotics Anonymous (NA), a nonprofessional 12-step fellowship for people seeking recovery from addiction, reports 27,677 meetings in the USA, where it was founded, but there is limited literature on its adaptability cross-culturally. We studied NA within the Islamic Republic of Iran to ascertain its relative adaptation in a different cultural setting.

Method: We surveyed 262 NA members in Iran, supplemented by member interviews, and compared demographic and substance use-related characteristics of members, and also the nature of their respective involvement in NA, to the survey results of a previous US survey (n = 527).

Untreated depression and non-medical use of prescription pain relievers: findings from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2008-2014.

Objectives: Despite growing concerns for non-medical use of prescription pain relievers (NMUPPRs), little is known about the role of comorbid, untreated depressive disorders.

Methods: We examined past year rates of NMUPPRs and major depressive episode (MDE), using data between 2008 and 2014 from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health for both youths (12-17 years) and adults (18 or older). Prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals were computed.

Combining medically assisted treatment and Twelve-Step programming: a perspective and review.

Background: People with severe substance use disorders require long-term rehabilitative care after the initial treatment. There is, however, a deficit in the availability of such care. This may be due both to inadequate medical coverage and insufficient use of community-based Twelve-Step programs in many treatment facilities.

An initial fMRI study on neural correlates of prayer in members of Alcoholics Anonymous.

Background: Many individuals with alcohol-use disorders who had experienced alcohol craving before joining Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) report little or no craving after becoming long-term members. Their use of AA prayers may contribute to this. Neural mechanisms underlying this process have not been delineated.

The Role of Twelve-Step-Related Spirituality in Addiction Recovery.

This paper reviews empirical studies conducted on the role of spirituality and religiosity (S/R) characteristics in 12-step recovery among program members followed up after substance abuse treatment and those assessed independent of formal treatment. Aspects of spiritual functioning that change in relation to program participation and those S/R characteristics that were found to mediate the association between program involvement and drinking-related outcomes are discussed. In addition, a review is provided of 12-step program studies investigating S/R-related predictors of clinical outcomes relevant to risk of relapse among members in long-term recovery.

Narcotics anonymous: a comparison of military veterans and non-veterans.

Substance use disorder, which is often comorbid with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), is a problem confronted by many veterans. To determine the potential utility of Narcotics Anonymous (NA) for veterans, 508 NA attendees were studied. Veterans (n = 172) were more likely to have been referred by a professional than were non-veterans (77% vs.

Development and implementation of an opioid overdose prevention program within a preexisting substance use disorders treatment center.

This case study of the development and implementation of an opioid overdose prevention program is based on an actual clinic's experience, but information about the clinic, including details of implementation and outcome measures, has been changed. Four experts reflect on the medical, administrative, peer-support, community, and evaluation aspects of this case. This discussion highlights challenges and important considerations in the creation of programs to address the ever-increasing risk for opioid overdose.

Alcoholics Anonymous and twelve-step recovery: a model based on social and cognitive neuroscience.

Background: In the course of achieving abstinence from alcohol, longstanding members of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) typically experience a change in their addiction-related attitudes and behaviors. These changes are reflective of physiologically grounded mechanisms which can be investigated within the disciplines of social and cognitive neuroscience.

Objective: This article is designed to examine recent findings associated with these disciplines that may shed light on the mechanisms underlying this change.