Tidal and vertical flow constructed wetland treatment for graywater modeling and reusing with biochar cadmium adsorption.

This study addresses a persistent environmental concern related to graywater discharge from households, highlighting its potential to contribute to increased pollution in water bodies. To mitigate this issue, the research explores the use of subsurface flow-built wetlands, specifically focusing on the innovative application of constructed tidal and vertical flow wetlands (CTWFWs) as wastewater treatment systems. The study not only evaluates the efficacy of these CTWFW systems but also delves into the crucial aspects of their operation and their interactions with the biological, physical, and chemical characteristics of graywater.