CRISPR/Cas tool designs for multiplex genome editing and its applications in developing biotic and abiotic stress-resistant crop plants.

Crop plants are prone to several yield-reducing biotic and abiotic stresses. The crop yield reductions due to these stresses need addressing to maintain an adequate balance between the increasing world population and food production to avoid food scarcities in the future. It is impossible to increase the area under food crops proportionately to meet the rising food demand.

Identification and validation of stage-specific reference genes for gene expression analysis in Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).

In light of a number of recent studies highlighting the increasing research interest in bruchids, it is crucial to validate suitable reference genes that could be used in quantitative gene expression studies. Callosobruchus maculatus is a serious pest of stored grains and field legumes in which reference genes have not been assessed and validated to date. The present study aimed to identify and validate reference genes in different developmental stages of C.

A case of spontaneously resolved primary congenital glaucoma.

Primary congenital glaucoma usually presents as enlarged and hazy cornea at birth or early childhood. The diagnosis is based on a thorough clinical examination under anesthesia. Most cases require surgical intervention as the definitive treatment.

Posterior corneal elevation after LASIK with three flap techniques as measured by Pentacam.

Purpose: To evaluate and compare posterior corneal changes using elevation data obtained from Pentacam (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH) Scheimpflug imaging in eyes undergoing LASIK with three different modes of flap creation: IntraLase femtosecond laser FS60 (Abbott Medical Optics) (femtosecond group), Amadeus (Ziemer Group AG) mechanical microkeratome (keratome group), or flap formation using 20% alcohol laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) (LASEK group).

Methods: Ninety myopic patients (90 eyes) undergoing refractive surgery were recruited. The change in posterior corneal elevation at 21 predetermined points in the central 5-mm area was measured using exported elevation data from the Pentacam before LASIK and 18 months postoperative and was compared among and within three modes of flap creation.

Assessment of central corneal thickness in normal, keratoconus, and post-laser in situ keratomileusis eyes using Scheimpflug imaging, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, and ultrasound pachymetry.

Purpose: To compare the central corneal thickness (CCT) in normal eyes, eyes with keratoconus, and eyes after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) using 3 methods.

Setting: Cornea Clinic, Grewal Eye Institute, Chandigarh, India.

Methods: In this study, CCT was measured by sequential Scheimpflug imaging, spectral-domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), and ultrasound (US) pachymetry.

Results of intraocular lens implantation with capsular tension ring in subluxated crystalline or cataractous lenses in children.

Purpose: To evaluate the outcome of intraocular lens (IOL) implantation using capsular tension ring (CTR) in subluxated crystalline or cataractous lenses in children.

Setting: Tertiary care setting.

Materials And Methods: We prospectively studied 18 eyes of 15 children with subluxation of crystalline or cataractous lenses between 90 degrees up to 210 degrees after phacoemulsification, CTR and IOL implantation.

Anomalous bilateral lateral rectus muscles and anterior polar cataract with dysmorphic features.

Congenital anomalies, such as absence, hypoplasia, bifurcation, or reduplication of various extraocular muscles, including lateral rectus muscles have been reported previously. We report a 5-year-old girl who had posteriorly malinserted lateral rectus at 15 mm from the limbus in the right eye with multiple associated ocular and systemic congenital malformations.

Correlation of nuclear cataract lens density using Scheimpflug images with Lens Opacities Classification System III and visual function.

Purpose: To calculate the average lens density (ALD) and nuclear lens density (NLD) using Scheimpflug images and to determine their correlation with logarithmic minimal angle resolution (logMAR) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity (CS), and lens grading based on the Lens Opacities Classification System (LOCS) III.

Design: Cross-sectional observational study.

Participants: One hundred ten patients with age-related nuclear cataract.

Scheimpflug imaging of pediatric posterior capsule rupture.

We report a case of an 11-year-old boy who presented two days after blunt trauma to the left eye with a slingshot. On examination his best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/20 in the right eye and 20/400 in the left eye. Slit-lamp examination of the left eye revealed a Vossius ring, traumatic cataract, traumatic posterior capsule tear (PCT).

Corneal collagen crosslinking using riboflavin and ultraviolet-A light for keratoconus: one-year analysis using Scheimpflug imaging.

Purpose: To evaluate changes in corneal curvature, corneal elevation, corneal thickness, lens density, and foveal thickness after corneal collagen crosslinking with riboflavin and ultraviolet-A (UVA) light in eyes with progressive keratoconus.

Setting: Grewal Eye Institute, Chandigarh, India.

Methods: Subjective refraction, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), Scheimpflug imaging, and optical coherence tomography were performed preoperatively and 1 week, 1, 3, and 6 months, and 1 year after crosslinking.

Visual outcome and posterior capsular opacification following implantation of silicone and acrylic refractive multifocal intraocular lenses.

We studied visual outcome and posterior capsular opacification (PCO) following implantation of hydrophilic acrylic and silicone multifocal lenses in 29 eyes who underwent uneventful phacoemulsification. Both the multifocal IOLs provide satisfactory distant and near vision in the majority of the patients, however tripod acrylic hydrophobic IOL has higher rate of PCO, jeopardizing visual performance.

Square-edge polymethylmethacrylate intraocular lens design for reducing posterior capsule opacification following paediatric cataract surgery: initial experience.

Purpose: To compare the incidence and severity of development of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) following implantation of square-edged polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs) following paediatric cataract surgery.

Design: Prospective, consecutive, interventional, comparative, randomized and cross-sectional study of 40 eyes of 32 children aged between 4 and 12 years who underwent phacoemulsification and posterior chamber IOL implantation.

Methods: The patients were randomized into two groups of 20 eyes each.

Part-time occlusion therapy for amblyopia in older children.

Aim: To compare the efficacy of part-time versus full-time occlusion for treatment of amblyopia in children aged 7-12 years.

Materials And Methods: Prospective interventional case series. One hundred children between 7-12 years of age with anisometropic (57), strabismic (25) and mixed (18) unilateral amblyopia were randomized (simple randomization) into four groups (25 each) to receive two hours, four hours, six hours or full-time occlusion therapy.

Phacoemulsification in vitrectomized eyes: results using a 'phaco chop' technique.

Purpose: To evaluate the intraoperative and early postoperative complications of phacoemulsification using a 'phaco chop' technique in previously vitrectomized eyes.

Methods: A prospective interventional case series. Seventy-five previously vitrectomized eyes of 73 consecutive patients underwent phacoemulsification using a 'phaco chop' technique via clear corneal incision.

Pentacam tomograms: a novel method for quantification of posterior capsule opacification.

Purpose: To develop and validate a method to quantify posterior capsule opacification (PCO) in eyes after cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation using Scheimpflug Pentacam tomograms and compare its validity with slit lamp retroillumination image analysis.

Methods: One hundred twenty-four pseudophakic eyes of 124 patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 40 eyes with visually significant PCO, and group 2 consisted of 84 eyes without visually significant PCO.

Unilateral electric cataract: Scheimpflug imaging and review of the literature.

A 22-year-old man presented with diminution of vision in the left eye 1 month after sustaining an injury from a high-voltage electric current to the left side of his head. Slitlamp examination and Scheimpflug imaging confirmed the typical anterior subcapsular lenticular opacities in the left eye and also documented early anterior subcapsular vacuoles in the right eye. Based on history, the electric shock wound, and the typical appearance of the opacities, an electric cataract was diagnosed.

Primary intraocular lens implantation in the first two years of life: safety profile and visual results.

Purpose: To study the safety profile of primary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in the first two years of life.

Materials And Methods: A prospective nonrandomized, interventional study was done at the tertiary care center. Forty-five eyes of 27 children (aged three weeks to two years) with congenital cataract who underwent phacoaspiration with continuous curvilinear capsulorrhexis combined with primary posterior capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy with in the bag placement of IOL at primary surgery were included.

Unusual intraorbital foreign body: a case report.

Penetrating eye injury is an important cause of ocular morbidity in India, especially in the pediatric and adolescent age group. Sometimes these injuries are associated with retained intraorbital foreign body. We report herein for the first time a child who had an open globe injury with a retained unusually large intraorbital foreign body (iron nut).

Efficiency of occlusion therapy for management of amblyopia in older children.

Purpose: To analyse results of full time occlusion therapy for amblyopia in children older than 6 years.

Materials And Methods: This was a retrospective consecutive case series analysis of children treated for amblyopia at a tertiary care center. All children received full time occlusion (FTO) for the dominant eye.

Comparison of the thermal effect on clear corneal incisions during phacoemulsification with different generation machines.

Background And Objective: Older generation phacoemulsification units are widely employed where economics do not permit frequent upgrades. Thermal effects on the cornea while performing phacoemulsification with different generation machines were evaluated.

Patients And Methods: The thermal effect on the clear corneal incision during uncomplicated phacoemulsification performed by the Series 10,000 (Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, TX) and the Diplomax (Allergan, Irvine, CA) machines was clinically evaluated and correlated with the effective phacoemulsification time required.