Variability among four refractometers for the measurement of urine specific gravity and comparison with urine osmolality in dogs.

Background: Refractometry is often used in clinical veterinary medicine to estimate urine concentration. Variability among commonly-used refractometers has not been critically evaluated.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the variability of urine specific gravity (USG) among four refractometers and compare results of USG measurements with those of urine osmolality (U ), the gold standard for determining urine concentrations.

Multi-Center Retrospective Evaluation of Screw and Polymethylmethacrylate Constructs for Atlantoaxial Fixation in Dogs.

Objective: To evaluate outcome and adverse events following ventral stabilization of the atlantoaxial (AA) joint in dogs with clinical AA subluxation using screw/polymethymethacrylate (PMMA) constructs in a retrospective, multi-center cohort study.

Study Design: Historical cohort study.

Animals: 35 client-owned dogs.