Impact of swine influenza A virus on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in alveolar macrophages.

Porcine respiratory disease complex represents a major challenge for the swine industry, with swine influenza A virus (swIAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) being major contributors. Epidemiological studies have confirmed the co-circulation of these viruses in pig herds, making swIAV-PRRSV co-infections expected. A couple of co-infection studies have reported replication interferences between these two viruses.

Characterization of Influenza D Virus Reassortant Strain in Swine from Mixed Pig and Beef Farm, France.

Influenza D virus was isolated from pigs on a mixed pig and beef farm in France. Investigation suggested bull-to-pig transmission and spread among pigs. The swine influenza D virus recovered was a reassortant of D/660 and D/OK lineages.

Pathogenicity and escape to pre-existing immunity of a new genotype of swine influenza H1N2 virus that emerged in France in 2020.

In 2020, a new genotype of swine H1N2 influenza virus (H1N2-HA 1C.2.4) was identified in France.

Influenza viruses and coronaviruses: Knowns, unknowns, and common research challenges.

The development of safe and effective vaccines in a record time after the emergence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a remarkable achievement, partly based on the experience gained from multiple viral outbreaks in the past decades. However, the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis also revealed weaknesses in the global pandemic response and large gaps that remain in our knowledge of the biology of coronaviruses (CoVs) and influenza viruses, the 2 major respiratory viruses with pandemic potential. Here, we review current knowns and unknowns of influenza viruses and CoVs, and we highlight common research challenges they pose in 3 areas: the mechanisms of viral emergence and adaptation to humans, the physiological and molecular determinants of disease severity, and the development of control strategies.

Successive Inoculations of Pigs with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 (PRRSV-1) and Swine H1N2 Influenza Virus Suggest a Mutual Interference between the Two Viral Infections.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza A virus (swIAV) are major pathogens of the porcine respiratory disease complex, but little is known on their interaction in super-infected pigs. In this study, we investigated clinical, virological and immunological outcomes of successive infections with PRRSV-1 and H1N2 swIAV. Twenty-four specific pathogen-free piglets were distributed into four groups and inoculated either with PRRSV at study day (SD) 0, or with swIAV at SD8, or with PRRSV and swIAV one week apart at SD0 and SD8, respectively, or mock-inoculated.

Serological Evidence of Backyard Pig Exposure to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 Virus during 2016-2017 Epizootic in France.

In autumn/winter 2016-2017, HPAI-H5N8 viruses belonging to the A/goose/Guandong/1/1996 (Gs/Gd) lineage, clade 2.3.4.

Concomitant Swine Influenza A Virus Infection Alters PRRSV1 MLV Viremia in Piglets but Does Not Interfere with Vaccine Protection in Experimental Conditions.

Modified-live vaccines (MLVs) against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSVs) are usually administrated to piglets at weaning when swine influenza A virus (swIAV) infections frequently occur. SwIAV infection induces a strong interferon alpha (IFNa) response and IFNa was shown to abrogate PRRSV2 MLV replication and an inherent immune response. In this study, we evaluated the impacts of swIAV infection on the replication of a PRRSV1 MLV (MLV1), post-vaccine immune responses and post-challenge vaccine efficacy at both the systemic and pulmonary levels.

Preventing Candida albicans biofilm formation using aromatic-rich piperazines.

The global increase in microbial resistance is an imminent threat to public health. Effective treatment of infectious diseases now requires new antimicrobial therapies. We report herein the discovery of aromatic-rich piperazines that inhibit biofilm formation by C.

Evaluation of the Pathogenicity and the Escape from Vaccine Protection of a New Antigenic Variant Derived from the European Human-Like Reassortant Swine H1N2 Influenza Virus.

The surveillance of swine influenza A viruses in France revealed the emergence of an antigenic variant following deletions and mutations that are fixed in the HA-encoding gene of the European human-like reassortant swine H1N2 lineage. In this study, we compared the outcomes of the parental (H1N2) and variant (H1N2) virus infections in experimentally-inoculated piglets. Moreover, we assessed and compared the protection that was conferred by an inactivated vaccine currently licensed in Europe.

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Interferes with Swine Influenza A Virus Infection of Epithelial Cells.

Respiratory infections are still a major concern in pigs. Amongst the involved viruses, the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and the swine influenza type A virus (swIAV) have a major impact. These viruses frequently encounter and dual infections are reported.

Coinfections and their molecular consequences in the porcine respiratory tract.

Understudied, coinfections are more frequent in pig farms than single infections. In pigs, the term "Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex" (PRDC) is often used to describe coinfections involving viruses such as swine Influenza A Virus (swIAV), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), and Porcine CircoVirus type 2 (PCV2) as well as bacteria like Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Bordetella bronchiseptica. The clinical outcome of the various coinfection or superinfection situations is usually assessed in the studies while in most of cases there is no clear elucidation of the fine mechanisms shaping the complex interactions occurring between microorganisms.

Assessment of Influenza D Virus in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars in France: Apparent Limited Spread within Swine Populations Despite Serological Evidence of Breeding Sow Exposure.

In order to assess influenza D virus (IDV) infections in swine in France, reference reagents were produced in specific pathogen free pigs to ensure serological and virological analyses. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays were carried out on 2090 domestic pig sera collected in 2012-2018 in 102 farms. Only 31 sera from breeding sows sampled in 2014-2015 in six farrow-to-finish herds with respiratory disorders contained IDV-specific antibodies.

Virological and epidemiological patterns of swine influenza A virus infections in France: Cumulative data from the RESAVIP surveillance network, 2011-2018.

Swine influenza A viruses (swIAVs) cause acute respiratory syndromes in pigs and may also infect humans. Following the 2009 pandemic, a network was established in France to reinforce swIAV monitoring. This study reports virological and epidemiological data accumulated through passive surveillance conducted during 1,825 herd visits from 2011 to 2018.

Anti-biofilm and anti-adherence properties of novel cyclic dipeptides against oral pathogens.

Microorganisms embedded in a biofilm are significantly more resistant to antimicrobial agents and the defences of the human immune system, than their planktonic counterpart. Consequently, compounds that can inhibit biofilm formation are of great interest for novel therapeutics. In this study, a screening approach was used to identify novel cyclic dipeptides that have anti-biofilm activity against oral pathogens.

Serological survey of influenza A viruses in domestic and wild Suidae in Corsica (France), a Mediterranean island environment.

Corsica is a mountainous French island in the north-western Mediterranean Sea. It is a rural area, where pig farming is a major economic activity. Although no acute respiratory outbreaks due to swine influenza A viruses (swIAVs) have ever been reported in this free-ranging pig breeding system, influenza A viruses (IAVs) could be circulating within this pig population.

Maternally-derived antibodies do not inhibit swine influenza virus replication in piglets but decrease excreted virus infectivity and impair post-infectious immune responses.

Maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) reduce piglet susceptibility to swine influenza A virus, but interfere with post-infectious immune responses, raising questions about protection after waning of passive immunity. We therefore analysed the impact of different levels of residual MDA on virus excretion and immune responses in piglets born to vaccinated sows (MDA+) and infected with H1N1 at 5, 7 or 11 weeks of age, in comparison to piglets born to unvaccinated sows (MDA-). Subsequent protection against a second homologous infection occurring 4 weeks after the primo-infection was also investigated.

Molecular subtyping of European swine influenza viruses and scaling to high-throughput analysis.

Background: Swine influenza is a respiratory infection of pigs that may have a significant economic impact in affected herds and pose a threat to the human population since swine influenza A viruses (swIAVs) are zoonotic pathogens. Due to the increasing genetic diversity of swIAVs and because novel reassortants or variants may become enzootic or have zoonotic implications, surveillance is strongly encouraged. Therefore, diagnostic tests and advanced technologies able to identify the circulating strains rapidly are critically important.

Involvement of swine influenza A viruses in the porcine respiratory disease complex.

Respiratory diseases constitute a major problem in pig farms, often resulting from multiple infections with different respiratory pathogens. This phenomenon is referred to as porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Swine influenza viruses of type A (swIAV) affect half of French farms and are often isolated from PRDC cases.