Perspectives on Cobalt Supply through 2030 in the Face of Changing Demand.

Lithium-ion battery demand, particularly for electric vehicles, is projected to increase by over 300% throughout the next decade. With these expected increases in demand, cobalt (Co)-dependent technologies face the risk of significant impact from supply concentration and mining limitations in the short term. Increased extraction and secondary recovery form the basis of modeling scenarios that examine implications on Co supply to 2030.

Increasing secondary and renewable material use: a chance constrained modeling approach to manage feedstock quality variation.

The increased use of secondary (i.e., recycled) and renewable resources will likely be key toward achieving sustainable materials use.