Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis.

There is no consensus regarding the classification of optic neuritis, and precise diagnostic criteria are not available. This reality means that the diagnosis of disorders that have optic neuritis as the first manifestation can be challenging. Accurate diagnosis of optic neuritis at presentation can facilitate the timely treatment of individuals with multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease.

Cranial Nerve Imaging and Pathology.

This review provides a symptom-driven approach to neuroimaging of disease processes affecting the cranial nerves. In addition to describing characteristic imaging appearances of a disease, the authors emphasize exceptions to the rules and neuroimaging pearls. The focus is on adult neurology although some important pediatric conditions are included.

Imaging in Patients With Visual Symptoms.

Purpose Of Review: This article presents an imaging-based approach to the differential diagnosis of visual symptoms.

Recent Findings: Many neurologic disorders may present with visual symptoms. Therefore, neurologists must be familiar with the array of pathophysiologic processes that cause visual symptoms.

Neuroimaging in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Eye Pain.

Ocular or eye pain is a frequent complaint encountered not only by eye care providers but neurologists. Isolated eye pain is non-specific and non-localizing; therefore, it poses significant differential diagnostic problems. A wide range of neurologic and ophthalmic disorders may cause pain in, around, or behind the eye.

Concurrent West Nile virus infection in pneumococcal meningitis: clinical and MRI features.

We report the clinical and neuroimaging findings of an immunocompetent patient with concurrent pneumococcal and West Nile virus meningoencephalitis with relapsing clinical course despite a full course of antibiotic treatment. The patient developed acute oculomotor nerve palsy with pupillary involvement and bilateral hearing loss, and delayed right leg monoparesis. We speculate that coexisting bacterial and viral neuroinvasive infections contributed to the unusual clinical and imaging manifestations, and that overwhelming laboratory and clinical features of bacterial meningitis masked the typical features of CNS viral infection.

Neuro-ophthalmologic complications of neoplastic leptomeningeal disease.

Neoplastic leptomeningeal disease (NLD), which encompasses both primary and secondary leptomeningeal tumors, has a devastating impact on the life of cancer patients. The present diagnostic technical armamentarium is insufficient for early diagnosis of NLD. However, NLD may present with subtle neuro-ophthalmic features at a time of relatively small tumor burden, which gives the provider first encountering these patients the window of opportunity for early diagnosis and consequently improved life expectancy and quality of life of these patients.

West nile virus infection and myasthenia gravis.

Introduction: Viruses are commonly cited as triggers for autoimmune disease. It is unclear if West Nile virus (WNV) initiates autoimmunity.

Methods: We describe 6 cases of myasthenia gravis (MG) that developed several months after WNV infection.

Imaging of the orbit.

This article provides guidance to neurologists as to when to suspect an orbital pathology and for appropriate investigative imaging. In achieving this goal, neurologically relevant anatomic structures of the orbit are discussed first. Second, some of the orbital imaging modalities are detailed, concentrating on MRI.

Can Swedish interactive thresholding algorithm fast perimetry be used as an alternative to goldmann perimetry in neuro-ophthalmic practice?

Objective: To assess the potential role of Swedish Interactive Thresholding Algorithm (SITA) Fast computerized static perimetry, compared with that of Goldmann manual kinetic perimetry (GVF), for reliably detecting visual field defects in neuro-ophthalmic practice.

Background: Automated visual field testing is challenging in patients with poor visual acuity or severe neurological disease. In these patients, GVF is often the preferred visual field technique, but performance of this test requires a skilled technician, and this option may not be readily available.

Peripheral and central eye movement disorders.

Continuing advances have rendered the neural control of eye movements one of the best understood motor systems, from molecules to complex behaviors. Nevertheless, new discoveries have required re-evaluation of established concepts, from the genetics of disorders that affect extraocular muscles to the way in which the cerebral cortex governs behaviors that encompass several functional classes of eye movements.