Hemodynamics and cerebral oxygenation during acute exercise in moderate normobaric hypoxia and with concurrent cognitive task in young healthy males.

The present investigation aimed to study the cardiovascular responses and the cerebral oxygenation (Cox) during exercise in acute hypoxia and with contemporary mental stress. Fifteen physically active, healthy males (age 29.0 ± 5.

Body Composition and Strength Symmetry of Kettlebell Sport Athletes.

Kettlebell sport (KBs) is increasingly popular, but very few studies have been focused on this discipline. This research aims to investigate the effects of KBs on body composition, strength symmetry, and segmental body composition symmetry in a sample of Italian elite athletes. Data were collected from a sample of 16 athletes of both sexes (11 men and 5 women; 34.

Executive Functions and Mood States in Athletes Performing Exercise Under Hypoxia.

Hypoxia can impair cognitive performance, whereas exercise can enhance it. The effects of hypoxia on cognitive performance during exercise appear to be moderated by exercise duration and intensity and by severity and duration of hypoxia and cognitive task. In normal individuals, exercise under hypoxia can evoke adverse post-exercise mood states, such as tension and fatigue.

Acute Exercise with Moderate Hypoxia Reduces Arterial Oxygen Saturation and Cerebral Oxygenation without Affecting Hemodynamics in Physically Active Males.

Hemodynamic changes during exercise in acute hypoxia (AH) have not been completely elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate hemodynamics during an acute bout of mild, dynamic exercise during moderate normobaric AH. Twenty-two physically active, healthy males (average age; range 23-40 years) completed a cardiopulmonary test on a cycle ergometer to determine their maximum workload (W).

Systolic and diastolic function during cycling at the respiratory threshold between elderly and young healthy individuals.

The hemodynamic consequences of aging have been extensively investigated during maximal incremental exercise. However, less is known about the effects of aging on hemodynamics during submaximal steady-state exercise. The aim of the present investigation was to compare the hemodynamics of healthy elderly and young subjects during an exercise bout conducted at the gas threshold (GET) intensity.

Systolic and Diastolic Functions After a Brief Acute Bout of Mild Exercise in Normobaric Hypoxia.

Acute hypoxia (AH) is a challenge to the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system, especially during exercise. Research in this area is scarce. We aimed to ascertain whether echocardiographic, Doppler, and tissue Doppler measures were able to detect changes in systolic and diastolic functions during the recovery after mild exercise in AH.

Combined mental task and metaboreflex impair cerebral oxygenation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Cardiovascular regulation is altered by type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), producing an abnormal response to muscle metaboreflex. During physical exercise, cerebral blood flow is impaired in patients with DM2, and this phenomenon may reduce cerebral oxygenation (COX). We hypothesized that the simultaneous execution of a mental task (MT) and metaboreflex activation would reduce COX in patients with DM2.

Case study: physical capacity and nutritional status before and after climbing two peaks with different altitude (4897-6812 m).

Vinson and Ama Dablam are summits of different altitudes (4897 and 6812 m respectively). There are no published studies comparing physiological adaptations occurring after climbing both peaks yet. This case study compares changes in certain physiological parameters and body composition of a mountaineer who ascended both peaks.

Muscle Oxygen Delivery in the Forearm and in the Muscles in Response to Resistance Exercise: A Comparison Between Nepalese Porters and Italian Trekkers.

Altitude ascending represents an intriguing experimental model reproducing physiological and pathophysiological conditions sharing hypoxemia as the denominator. The aim of the present study was to investigate fractional oxygen extraction and blood dynamics in response to hypobaric hypoxia and to acute resistance exercises, taking into account several factors including different ethnic origin and muscle groups. As part of the "Kanchenjunga Exploration & Physiology" project, six Italian trekkers and six Nepalese porters took part in a high altitude trek in the Himalayas.

A brief bout of exercise in hypoxia reduces ventricular filling rate and stroke volume response during muscle metaboreflex activation.

Purpose: The hemodynamic consequences of exercise in hypoxia have not been completely investigated. The present investigation aimed at studying the hemodynamic effects of contemporary normobaric hypoxia and metaboreflex activation.

Methods: Eleven physically active, healthy males (age 32.

Effect of Combined Mental Task and Metaboreflex Activation on Hemodynamics and Cerebral Oxygenation in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome.

The hemodynamic response to muscle metaboreflex has been reported to be significantly altered by metabolic syndrome (MS), with exaggerated systemic vascular resistance (SVR) increments and reduced cardiac output (CO) in comparison to healthy controls (CTLs). Moreover, patients with metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, have proven to have impaired cerebral blood flow in response to exercise. Thus, we hypothesized that contemporary mental task (MT) and metaboreflex would result in reduced cerebral oxygenation (COX) in these patients.

Lower Percentage of Fat Mass among Tai Chi Chuan Practitioners.

The aim of the study was to analyze total and regional body composition in Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) middle-aged and elderly practitioners. A cross-sectional study on 139 Italian subjects was realized: 34 TCC practitioners (14 men, 20 women; 62.8 ± 7.

Effects of exercise in normobaric hypoxia on hemodynamics during muscle metaboreflex activation in normoxia.

Purpose: Little is known about the cardiovascular effects of the transition from exercise in hypoxia (EH) to normoxia. This investigation aimed to assess hemodynamics during the metaboreflex elicited in normoxia after EH.

Methods: Ten trained athletes (four females and six males, age 35.

Blood Flow Restriction Training Reduces Blood Pressure During Exercise Without Affecting Metaboreflex Activity.

Blood flow restriction training (BFRT) has been proposed to induce muscle hypertrophy, but its safety remains controversial as it may increase mean arterial pressure (MAP) due to muscle metaboreflex activation. However, BFR training also causes metabolite accumulation that may desensitize type III and IV nerve endings, which trigger muscle metaboreflex. Then, we hypothesized that a period of BFR training would result in blunted hemodynamic activation during muscle metaboreflex.

Hemodynamic abnormalities during muscle metaboreflex activation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Metaboreflex is a reflex triggered during exercise or postexercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) by metaboreceptor stimulation. Typical features of metaboreflex are increased cardiac output (CO) and blood pressure. Patients suffering from metabolic syndrome display hemodynamic abnormalities, with an exaggerated systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and reduced CO response during PEMI-induced metaboreflex.

Hemodynamic Responses during Enduro-Motorcycling Performance.

Much of the information available in the literature on physiological responses during Enduro motorcycling is related to heart rate (HR) and blood lactate (BLa). The aim of this work was to investigate the hemodynamic changes that occur during a 10-min session of Enduro motorcycling. Fifteen skilled riders were enrolled on the study and all participants underwent an Enduro-motorcycling session on a standard track.

Occurrence of cardiac output decrease (via stroke volume) is more pronounced in women than in men during prolonged dry static apnea.

Little is known about sex differences in autonomic cardiovascular regulation of the diving response, and the few available studies of these differences were conducted on subjects with limited or no diving experience. We examined the influence of sex on hemodynamics during dry static apnea (SA) in eight male and eight female elite divers matched for their breath hold (BH) ability. Hemodynamics was assessed by means of simultaneous echocardiography and impedance cardiography measurements, and arterial pressure and oxygen saturation ([Formula: see text]) were also collected.

Hemodynamic response to muscle reflex is abnormal in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

The aim of the present investigation was to assess the role of cardiac diastole on the hemodynamic response to metaboreflex activation. We wanted to determine whether patients with diastolic function impairment showed a different hemodynamic response compared with normal subjects during this reflex. Hemodynamics during activation of the metaboreflex obtained by postexercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) was assessed in 10 patients with diagnosed heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and in 12 age-matched healthy controls (CTL).

Ischemic preconditioning reduces hemodynamic response during metaboreflex activation.

Ischemic preconditioning (IP) has been shown to improve exercise performance and to delay fatigue. However, the precise mechanisms through which IP operates remain elusive. It has been hypothesized that IP lowers the sensation of fatigue by reducing the discharge of group III and IV nerve endings, which also regulate hemodynamics during the metaboreflex.

Metaboreflex activity in multiple sclerosis patients.

Purpose: The muscle metaboreflex activation has been shown essential to reach normal hemodynamic response during exercise. It has been demonstrated that patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have impaired autonomic functions and cardiovascular regulation during exercise. However, to the best of our knowledge, no previous research to date has studied the metaboreflex in MS patients.

Differences in hemodynamic response to metaboreflex activation between obese patients with metabolic syndrome and healthy subjects with obese phenotype.

Patients suffering from obesity and metabolic syndrome (OMS) manifest a dysregulation in hemodynamic response during exercise, with an exaggerated systemic vascular increase. However, it is not clear whether this is the consequence of metabolic syndrome per se or whether it is due to concomitant obesity. The aim of the present investigation was to discover whether OMS and noncomplicated obesity resulted in different hemodynamic responses during the metaboreflex.

Heart Rate Unreliability during Interval Training Recovery in Middle Distance Runners.

Heart rate (HR) was tested as a reliable index for recovery management during interval training (IT), considering its relationship with the several factors involved in respiratory, metabolic and cardiovascular homeostasis. Thirteen runners underwent two different IT sessions: at 80% and 120% of the second ventilatory threshold (VT2). Throughout both sessions HR, oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and pulmonary ventilation (VE), were measured by means of a portable gas analyzer.

Effect of aging on hemodynamic response to metaboreflex activation.

Purpose: The aim of the present investigation was to assess the role of aging on the contribution of diastolic function during metaboreflex activation. In particular, it aimed to determine whether age-related impairment in diastolic function would produce a different hemodynamic response in elderly subjects (EG) as compared to young controls (CTL).

Methods: Hemodynamic response to metaboreflex activation obtained by post-exercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) was gathered in 22 EG and 20 healthy CTL.

Ischemic preconditioning of the muscle improves maximal exercise performance but not maximal oxygen uptake in humans.

Brief episodes of nonlethal ischemia, commonly known as "ischemic preconditioning" (IP), are protective against cell injury induced by infarction. Moreover, muscle IP has been found capable of improving exercise performance. The aim of the study was the comparison of standard exercise performances carried out in normal conditions with those carried out following IP, achieved by brief muscle ischemia at rest (RIP) and after exercise (EIP).

Role of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus in rat whisker pad proprioception.

Background: Trigeminal proprioception related to rodent macrovibrissae movements is believed to involve skin receptors on the whisker pad because pad muscles operate without muscle spindles. This study was aimed to investigate in rats whether the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (TMnu), which provides proprioceptive feedback for chewing muscles, may be also involved in whisker pad proprioception.

Methods: Two retrograde tracers, Dil and True Blue Chloride, were injected into the mystacial pad and the masseter muscle on the same side of deeply anesthetized rats to label the respective projecting sensory neurons.