Reference values of hip abductor torque among youth athletes: Influence of age, sex and sports.

Objective: (1) To determine the reference values of hip abductor torque in youth athletes; (2) To investigate the influence of sex, age and sports on hip abductors torque.

Design: Cross-sectional.

Setting: Sports clubs.

Characterization of hip passive stiffness of volleyball, basketball and futsal young athletes.

Objectives: (1) To establish the reference values of the test of 'Position of hip passive resistance against gravity' (PHPR) in young athletes; (2) To investigate differences between the values of PHPR test according to athlete's sex, age and sport practiced.

Design: Cross-sectional.

Setting: Sports club.

Validity and reliability of clinical tests for assessing hip passive stiffness.

Inadequate levels of hip passive joint stiffness have been associated with the occurrence of movement dysfunction, development of pathologies and reduction in performance. Clinical tests, designed to evaluate hip joint stiffness, may allow the identification of improper stiffness levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the concurrent validity as well as the intra- and inter-examiners reliabilities of clinical measures used to assess hip passive stiffness during internal rotation.