Redefining Second Stage of Labor: Number of Pushing Contractions.

 Despite time standards for second stage labor, "delayed pushing," uterine contraction frequency, and alternate contraction pushing may alter the effective maternal effort. We sought to quantify the number of pushing contractions needed for a spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) among primipara and multipara patients.  Deliveries at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center in 2017 were selected for SVD of singleton, term newborns.