Virulence factors of Salmonella spp. isolated from free-living grass snakes Natrix natrix.

Salmonellosis associated with reptiles is a well-researched topic, particularly in China and the United States, but it occurs less frequently in Europe. The growth of the human population and changes in the environment could potentially increase the interaction between humans and free-living reptiles, which are an unidentified source of Salmonella species. In this study, we sought to explore this issue by comparing the microbiota of free-living European grass snakes, scientifically known as Natrix natrix, with that of captive banded water snakes, or Nerodia fasciata.

Lipopolysaccharide with long O-antigen is crucial for Salmonella Enteritidis to evade complement activity and to facilitate bacterial survival in vivo in the Galleria mellonella infection model.

Bacterial resistance to serum is a key virulence factor for the development of systemic infections. The amount of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the O-antigen chain length distribution on the outer membrane, predispose Salmonella to escape complement-mediated killing. In Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S.

Structural Patterns Enhancing the Antibacterial Activity of Metallacarborane-Based Antibiotics.

Healthcare systems heavily rely on antibiotics to treat bacterial infections, but the widespread presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria puts this strategy in danger. Novel drugs capable of overcoming current resistances are needed if our ability to treat bacterial infections is to be maintained. Boron clusters offer a valuable possibility to create a new class of antibiotics and expand the chemical space of antibiotics beyond conventional carbon-based molecules.

Antibactericidal Ir(III) and Ru(II) Complexes with Phosphine-Alkaloid Conjugate and Their Interactions with Biomolecules: A Case of N-Methylphenethylamine.

The phosphine ligand (Ph PCH N(CH )(CH ) Ph, PNMPEA) obtained by the reaction of the (hydroxymethyl)diphenylphosphine with naturally occurring alkaloid N-methylphenethylamine, was used to synthesize the half-sandwich iridium(III) (Ir(η -Cp*)Cl Ph PCH N(CH )(CH ) Ph, IrPNMPEA) and ruthenium(II) (Ru(η -p-cymene)Cl Ph PCH N(CH )(CH ) Ph, RuPNMPEA) complexes. They were characterized using a vast array of methods, including 1D and 2D NMR, ESI(+)MS spectrometry, elemental analysis, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electron spectroscopy in the UV-Vis range (absorption, fluorescence) and density functional theory (DFT). The initial antimicrobial activity in vitro toward Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains was examined, indicating that both complexes are selective towards Gram-positive bacteria, e.

The Prolonged Treatment of Strains with Human Serum Effects in Phenotype Related to Virulence.

Salmonella enterica as common pathogens of humans and animals are good model organisms to conduct research on bacterial biology. Because these bacteria can multiply in both the external environments and in the living hosts, they prove their wide adaptability. It has been previously demonstrated that prolonged exposition of Salmonella serotype O48 cells to normal human serum led to an increase in resistance to sera in connection with the synthesis of very long O-antigen.

Biological functions of sialic acid as a component of bacterial endotoxin.

Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin, LPS) is an important Gram-negative bacteria antigen. LPS of some bacteria contains sialic acid (Neu5Ac) as a component of O-antigen (O-Ag), in this review we present an overview of bacteria in which the presence of Neu5Ac has been confirmed in their outer envelope and the possible ways that bacteria can acquire Neu5Ac. We explain the role of Neu5Ac in bacterial pathogenesis, and also involvement of Neu5Ac in bacterial evading the host innate immunity response and molecular mimicry phenomenon.

Benefits of Usage of Immobilized Silver Nanoparticles as Antibiofilm Factors.

The aim of this study was to assess the beneficial inhibitory effect of silver nanoparticles immobilized on SiO or TiO on biofilm formation by -one of the most dangerous pathogens isolated from urine and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients hospitalized in intensive care units. Pure and silver doped nanoparticles of SiO and TiO were prepared using a novel modified sol-gel method. Ten clinical strains of and the reference PAO1 strain were used.

The Impact of Graphite Oxide Nanocomposites on the Antibacterial Activity of Serum.

Nanoparticles can interact with the complement system and modulate the inflammatory response. The effect of these interactions on the complement activity strongly depends on physicochemical properties of nanoparticles. The interactions of silver nanoparticles with serum proteins (particularly with the complement system components) have the potential to significantly affect the antibacterial activity of serum, with serious implications for human health.

Comparison of Antibacterial Mode of Action of Silver Ions and Silver Nanoformulations With Different Physico-Chemical Properties: Experimental and Computational Studies.

The aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial mode of action of silver ions (Ag) and selected silver nanoformulations against strains ( J53, BW25113 and its derivatives: Δ A, Δ C, Δ F, Δ R, ompRG596AcusSG1130A, cusSG1130A). In this research we used various experimental methods and techniques such as determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration, flow cytometry, scanning electron microscopy, circular dichroism as well as computational methods of theoretical chemistry. Thanks to the processing of bacteria and silver samples (ions and nanoformulations), we were able to determine the bacterial sensitivity to silver samples, detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the bacterial cells, visualize the interaction of silver samples with the bacterial cells, and identify their interactions with proteins.

Proteomics-based identification of orchid-associated bacteria colonizing the and (Orchidaceae, Neottieae).

Using proteomics-based identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), we conducted the first analysis of the composition of endophytic bacteria isolated from different parts of selected species, i.e. the buds, the inflorescences and the central part of the shoots, as well as the rhizomes.

How Bacteria Change after Exposure to Silver Nanoformulations: Analysis of the Genome and Outer Membrane Proteome.

Objective: the main purpose of this work was to compare the genetic and phenotypic changes of treated with silver nanoformulations ( BW25113 wt, BW25113 AgR, J53, ATCC 11229 wt, ATCC 11229 var. S2 and ATCC 11229 var. S7).

Patterns of Oral Microbiota in Patients with Apical Periodontitis.

In this study, microbial diversity of the root canal microbiota related to different endodontic infections was investigated. In total, 45 patients with endo-perio lesions (8 patients), chronic periapical periodontitis (29 patients) and pulp necrosis (8 patients) were recruited. In 19 (42.

The Phylogenetic Structure of Reptile, Avian and Uropathogenic with Particular Reference to Extraintestinal Pathotypes.

The impact of the Gram-negative bacterium ( on the microbiomic and pathogenic phenomena occurring in humans and other warm-blooded animals is relatively well-recognized. At the same time, there are scant data concerning the role of strains in the health and disease of cold-blooded animals. It is presently known that reptiles are common asymptomatic carriers of another human pathogen, , which, when transferred to humans, may cause a disease referred to as reptile-associated salmonellosis (RAS).

Genetic Diversity and Distribution of Virulence-Associated Genes in and -Like Isolates from Humans and Animals in Poland.

widespread within domestic and wild-living animals, is a foodborne pathogen causing yersiniosis. The goal of this study was to assess a genetic similarity of and -like strains isolated from different hosts using Multiple Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) methods, and analyze the prevalence of virulence genes using -Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays. Among 51 sp.

Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Formation Capacity of Serovar Enteritidis Strains Isolated from Poultry and Humans in Poland.

ser. Enteritidis ( ser. Enteritidis) is the most frequently detected serovar in human salmonellosis, and its ability to produce a biofilm and the risk of transmission from animals and food of animal origin to humans are significant.

Antibacterial activity and action mode of Cu(I) and Cu(II) complexes with phosphines derived from fluoroquinolone against clinical and multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.

Biological activity against reference and multi-drug resistant (MDR) clinical strains of fluoroquinolones (FQs): ciprofloxacin (HCp), norfloxacin (HNr), lomefloxacin (HLm) and sparfloxacin (HSf), phosphine ligands derived from those antibiotics and 14 phosphino copper(I) and copper(II) complexes with 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 1,10-phenanthroline or 2,2'-biquinoline have been determined. Almost all phosphines showed excellent antibacterial activity relative to reference strains (S. aureus ATCC 6538, E.

Cloacal Gram-Negative Microbiota in Free-Living Grass Snake Natrix natrix from Poland.

Reptiles appear to be an important vector for Gram-negative pathogens, therefore, they are epidemiologically relevant. However, the composition of reptilian microbiota has been poorly recognized so far. The majority of studies concern exotic reptiles as asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella serovars.

Protocol of proceedings with and optimization of ABTS method for detection of reactive oxygen species.

Characterization of the ability of DSM 15643 and DSM 20482 strains in the presence of Cu and HO to reactive oxygen species generation. Spectrophotometric ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) method was used. Determination of: MIC for Cu, HO and ABTS; survivability of under atmospheric oxygen exposure; the level and rate constants of free radicals production by the bacteria.

Consequences Of Long-Term Bacteria's Exposure To Silver Nanoformulations With Different PhysicoChemical Properties.

Purpose: Resistance to antibiotics is a major problem of public health. One of the alternative therapies is silver - more and more popular because of nanotechnology development and new possibilities of usage. As a component of colloid, powder, cream, bandages, etc.

Comparison of the phylogenetic analysis of PFGE profiles and the characteristic of virulence genes in clinical and reptile associated Salmonella strains.

Background: Salmonella is generally considered as a human pathogen causing typhoid fever and gastrointestinal infections called salmonellosis, with S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium strains as the main causative agents.

Virulence factors, prevalence and potential transmission of extraintestinal pathogenic isolated from different sources: recent reports.

Extraintestinal pathogenic . (ExPEC) are facultative pathogens that are part of the normal human intestinal flora. The ExPEC group includes uropathogenic (UPEC), neonatal meningitis (NMEC), sepsis-associated (SEPEC), and avian pathogenic (APEC).

Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Formation in Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Humans and Turkeys in Poland.

Enterococci are a natural component of the intestinal flora of many organisms, including humans and birds. As opportunistic pathogens, they can cause fatal infections of the urinary tract and endocarditis in humans, whereas in poultry symptoms are joint disease, sepsis, and falls in the first week of life. The study covered 107 Enterococcus strains-56 isolated from humans and 51 from turkeys.

Outer Membrane Proteins of Salmonella as Potential Markers of Resistance to Serum, Antibiotics and Biocides.

Salmonellosis continues to be a significant worldwide health problem. Despite rapid progress in identifying mechanisms of Salmonella virulence and resistance to chemicals, our knowledge of these mechanisms remains limited. Furthermore, it appears that the resistance to antibiotics can be amplified by ubiquitous usage of the disinfectants (biocides), both by industry and by ordinary households.

Identification of Yersinia enterocolitica isolates from humans, pigs and wild boars by MALDI TOF MS.

Background: Yersinia enterocolitica is widespread within the humans, pigs and wild boars. The low isolation rate of Y. enterocolitica from food or environmental and clinical samples may be caused by limited sensitivity of culture methods.

Revealing the inhibitory potential of Yersinia enterocolitica on cysteine proteases of the papain family.

Cysteine proteases of the papain family, including mammalian cathepsins, play important physiological roles, however, their excessive activity may contribute to the development of various pathologies. Therefore, cysteine cathepsin inhibitors are being considered as promising drugs to treat cathepsin-driven diseases. Diverse saprophytic and parasitic microbes produce such inhibitors, which target the host's proteases playing pivotal roles in immune responses, thus leading to the survival of microbes within their host.