Exploring horses' (Equus caballus) gaze and asymmetric ear position in relation to human attentional cues.

Studies have shown that horses are sensitive to human attentional cues. Also, there is some evidence that they might be able to infer the knowledge state of a human and communicate intentionally with us. However, this ability is not fully characterized and certain behaviors, like gaze, asymmetric ears position or vocalizations, which could work as attention-getting behaviors, have been scarcely studied in this context.

Effect of Damaged Starch and Wheat-Bran Arabinoxylans on Wheat Starch and Wheat Starch-Gluten Systems.

This study investigated the impact of damaged starch and arabinoxylans on the thermal and pasting behavior of mixtures containing starch and gluten. The mixtures containing starch, arabinoxylans, and gluten were dispersed in water and a 50% sucrose solution. When arabinoxylans were added to native starch in water, it did not modify the viscosity profiles.

Galactomannans in Gluten-Free Formulation: Batter Rheology and Bread Quality.

Gluten-free batters, in general, require the incorporation of agents to control their rheology; this role is commonly played by hydrocolloids. New natural sources of hydrocolloids are under permanent research. In this regard, the functional properties of the galactomannan extracted from the seed of (Gledi) have been studied.

Complex coacervation and freeze drying using whey protein concentrate, soy protein isolate and arabic gum to improve the oxidative stability of chia oil.

Background: Chia oil (CO) is popular for being the richest vegetable source of α-linolenic acid (60-66%). However, this content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) limits the incorporation of bulk CO in food products due to its high probability of oxidation. This justifies the study of alternative wall materials for microencapsulation.

Porous Microparticles of Corn Starch as Bio-Carriers for Chia Oil.

Native corn starch and pretreated corn starch were treated with α-amylase, glucoamylase and mixtures of both to generate starches with high porosity with conserved granular structure. Porous starches were characterized; particle size distribution analysis, nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis, scanning electron microscopy, water and oil adsorption capacity, differential scanning calorimeter, X-ray diffraction and damaged starch techniques were used. The α-amylase/glucoamylase mixture at the highest dose was the best treatment to generate porous starches with interesting adsorption capacity and granular structure conservation.

Influence of damaged starch on thermal and rheological properties of wheat starch and wheat starch-gluten systems in water and sucrose.

Background: The granular integrity of starch granules is affected by the mechanical action of the milling-process, thus producing what is called damaged starch (DS). The effect of DS on bakery products was extensively studied, but there is not much information about the effect of this minor flour component on batter-type products in which there is a high amount of sucrose. The objective of this work was to study the influence of damaged wheat-starch on starch and starch-gluten systems dispersed in water and sucrose 500 g kg solution.

NMR characterization of structure and moisture sorption dynamics of damaged starch granules.

Among the many biopolymers that constitute food products, starch is one of the most common. Starch granules are often damaged in the milling process, which affects the final product quality, mainly due to changes in water adsorption properties. In this work, the crystallinity degree of wheat starch samples as a function of the mechanical damage is determined by low field H NMR.

Still-face Effect in Dogs (). A Pilot Study.

The Still-face Paradigm has been widely used for the assessment of emotion regulation in infants, as well as for the study of the mother-child relationship. Given the close bond that dogs have with humans, the purpose of this research was to evaluate, through an exploratory descriptive study, the presence of the Still-face effect in dogs. To this end, a group of Beagle dogs were exposed to three one-minute phases in which first, an unknown experimenter interacted actively and positively with each dog (Interaction).

Effect of Intranasal Oxytocin Administration on Human-Directed Social Behaviors in Shelter and Pet Dogs.

A wide variety of evidence has demonstrated that oxytocin is involved in socio-cognitive skills in domestic dogs (). The purpose was to evaluate the effect of oxytocin administration on socio-cognitive abilities in two populations of dogs with different levels of daily human contact: shelter and pet dogs. Additionally, the effect of different doses of oxytocin (i.

Training improves inhibitory control in water rescue dogs.

Inhibitory control is a collection of several processes that are aimed to refrain from any impulsive response in the subject during inappropriate situations. Evidence suggests that in dogs, the inhibitory control is affected by domestication process, but also experiences during ontogeny could be an important driver in acquiring inhibitory control. The aim of the study was to compare the performance of highly trained dogs (i.

Relationships between structural fat properties with sensory, physical and textural attributes of yeast-leavened laminated salty baked product.

The aim of this study was to establish relationships between structural fat properties and sensory, physical and textural attributes of yeast-leavened laminated salty products. Refined bovine fat (MG1) and shortening (MG2), with a solid fat content (SFC) higher than 20% at temperature range of 15-35 °C were more viscous and less sensitive to temperature changes. The micrographs of dough|fat|dough sections corresponding to samples with MG1 and MG2 revealed a lower penetration of the fat sheet in the dough section due to the more entangled fat structures that did not allow a great flow throughout the dough layer.

Use of alpha-amylase and amyloglucosidase combinations to minimize the bread quality problems caused by high levels of damaged starch.

The objective of this work was to investigate the contribution of α-amylase and amyloglucosidase to dough fermentation process and bread quality, as an alternative to reduce the negative effects caused by high damaged starch in flour. The dough properties during the proofing process were modified by higher damaged starch content. Higher damaged starch in flour resulted into breads with darker crusts and firmer crumbs.

Yeast-Leavened Laminated Salty Baked Goods: Flour and Dough Properties and Their Relationship with Product Technological Quality.

The effect of protein composition and content on the characteristics and properties of laminated baked products has been studied for a long time. However, there are no flour quality parameters related to its suitability to produce yeast-leavened laminated salty baked products. The relationships among flour characteristics, laminated dough pieces and baked products were studied in order to establish flour quality parameters and help predict the quality of the products.

Wolves (Canis lupus) and dogs (Canis familiaris) differ in following human gaze into distant space but respond similar to their packmates' gaze.

Gaze following into distant space is defined as visual co-orientation with another individual's head direction allowing the gaze follower to gain information on its environment. Human and nonhuman animals share this basic gaze following behavior, suggested to rely on a simple reflexive mechanism and believed to be an important prerequisite for complex forms of social cognition. Pet dogs differ from other species in that they follow only communicative human gaze clearly addressed to them.

Use of enzymes to minimize the rheological dough problems caused by high levels of damaged starch in starch-gluten systems.

Background: During wheat milling, starch granules can experience mechanical damage, producing damaged starch. High levels of damaged starch modify the physicochemical properties of wheat flour, negatively affecting the dough behavior as well as the flour quality and cookie and bread making quality. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of α-amylase, maltogenic amylase and amyloglucosidase on dough rheology in order to propose alternatives to reduce the issues related to high levels of damaged starch.

Evaluation of the mechanical damage on wheat starch granules by SEM, ESEM, AFM and texture image analysis.

The effect of mechanical damage on wheat starch granules surface, at a microstructural level, was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and image textural analysis. The SEM and ESEM images of the native sample showed that the starch granules had smooth, flat surfaces and smooth edges. The samples with higher damaged starch content exhibited granular distortion, irregularity and less uniformity.

Learning interspecific communicative responses in Pampas foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus).

Domestic dogs show remarkable communicative abilities in their interaction with people. These skills maybe explained by the interaction between the domestication process and learning experiences during ontogeny. Studies carried out on other species of canids, which have not been domesticated are relevant to this topic.

Communication between domestic dogs and humans: effects of shelter housing upon the gaze to the human.

It is widely known that gaze plays an essential role in communicative interactions. Domestic dogs tend to look at the human face in situations of conflict and uncertainty. This study compares the gaze of shelter and pet dogs during acquisition and extinction phases in a situation involving a reward in sight but out of reach.

Model of polymicrobial peritonitis that induces the proinflammatory and immunosuppressive phases of sepsis.

Severe sepsis is associated with early release of inflammatory mediators that contribute to the morbidity and mortality observed during the first stages of this syndrome. Although sepsis is a deadly, acute disease, high mortality rates have been observed in patients displaying evidence of sepsis-induced immune deactivation. Although the contribution of experimental models to the knowledge of pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects of human sepsis is undeniable, most of the current studies using animal models have focused on the acute, proinflammatory phase.

Communication between domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and humans: dogs are good learners.

Communication involves a wide range of behaviours that animals emit in their daily lives and can take place between different species, as is the case of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and humans. Dogs have shown to be successful at following human cues to solve the object choice task. The question is what are the mechanisms involved in these communicative abilities.

Effect of reinforcement, reinforcer omission and extinction on a communicative response in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris).

There is a controversy about the mechanisms involved in the interspecific communicative behaviour in domestic dogs. The main question is whether this behaviour is a result of instrumental learning or higher cognitive skills are required. The present investigations were undertaken to study the effect of learning processes upon the gaze towards the human's face as a communicative response.