Pretransplant survival of patients with end-stage heart failure under competing risks.

Heart transplantation is the gold standard of care for end-stage heart failure in the United States. Donor hearts are a scarce resource, however the current allocation policy-proposed in 2016 and implemented in 2018-has not addressed certain disparities. Between 2005 and 2016, the number of active candidates increased 127%, whereas transplant rates decreased 27.

Genetic capitalism and stabilizing selection of antimicrobial resistance genotypes in Escherichia coli.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pathogenic strains of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), adversely impacts personal and public health. In this study, we examine competing hypotheses for the evolution of AMR including (i) 'genetic capitalism' in which genotypes that confer antibiotic resistance are gained and not often lost in lineages, and (ii) 'stabilizing selection' in which genotypes that confer antibiotic resistance are gained and lost often.