Short-term flaxseed oil, rich in omega 3, protects mice against metabolic damage caused by high-fat diet, but not inflammation.

It is known that long-term high-fat diet (HF) feeding drastically affects the adipose tissue, contributing to metabolic disorders. Recently, short-term HF consumption was shown to affect different neuronal signaling pathways. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the inflammatory effects of a short-term HF and whether a diet containing omega-3 fatty acid fats from flaxseed oil (FS) has protective effects.

Acute physical exercise increases APPL1/PI3K signaling in the hypothalamus of lean mice.

Adiponectin is an adipokine that acts in the control of energy homeostasis. The adaptor protein containing the pleckstrin homology domain, phosphotyrosine-binding domain, and leucine zipper motif 1 (APPL1) is a key protein in the adiponectin signaling. The APPL1 mediates a positive effect on the insulin signaling through the interaction with the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K).

Short-term Resistance Training Increases APPL1 Content in the Liver and the Insulin Sensitivity of Mice Fed a Long-term High-fat Diet.

Background: APPL1, an adapter protein, interact directly with adiponectin receptors mediating adiponectin signaling and acting as a critical regulator of the crosstalk between adiponectin and insulin signaling pathway. The inadequate level of physical activity, high-calorie intake, or both lead to adverse consequences on health, like insulin resistance. On the order hand, physical exercise acts positively in the insulin action.

Short-term high-fat diet modulates several inflammatory, ER stress, and apoptosis markers in the hippocampus of young mice.

The consumption of saturated fatty acids is one of the leading risk factors for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) development. Indeed, the short-term consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) is related to increased inflammatory signals in the hippocampus; however, the potential molecular mechanisms linking it to AD pathogenesis are not fully elucidated. In our study, we investigated the effects of short-term HFD feeding (within 3, 7 and 10 days) in AD markers and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of mice.

Lifelong exercise practice and immunosenescence: Master athletes cytokine response to acute exercise.

The study aimed to analyze the effects of aging and lifelong training on the main pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and the impact of acute exercise on the expression of these cytokines. Thirty-nine participants were allocated into 3 groups: young (31.8 ± 3.

The Effects of Aging on Rho-Kinase and Insulin Signaling in Skeletal Muscle and White Adipose Tissue of Rats.

The insulin receptor substrate 1 regulates insulin-mediated glucose uptake and is a target of Rho-kinase (Rock); however, the relationship between age-related insulin resistance and Rock signaling specifically in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue is unknown. We evaluated the content and activity of Rock in C2C12 myotubes, and in skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue (WAT) from two rodent models that differ in their patterns of body fat accumulation during aging (Wistar and Fischer 344 rats). Body fat gain in the Wistar rats was greater than in Fischer rats and only Wistar rats had impairment of whole-body insulin sensitivity.

Immune-endocrine responses and physical performance of master athletes during the sports season.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of a training season (approximately 7 months) on physiological and salivary immune-endocrine markers in master athletes. Nine male master athletes were evaluated at the beginning of the season (M1) and a week after the main official competition at the end of the sports season (M2). The controlled variables included Maximal oxygen consumption, anthropometric, physiological, and salivary immune-endocrine markers.

Acute physical exercise increases leptin-induced hypothalamic extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 phosphorylation and thermogenesis of obese mice.

The obesity is a result of energy imbalance and the increase in thermogenesis seems an interesting alternative for the treatment of this disease. The mechanism of energy expenditure through thermogenesis is tightly articulated in the hypothalamus by leptin. The hypothalamic extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) is a key mediator of the thermoregulatory effect of leptin and mediates the sympathetic signal to the brown adipose tissue (BAT).

The reversal effect of physical exercise on aging-related increases in APPL2 content in skeletal muscle.

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aging on intracellular adiponectin signaling and the possible therapeutic effect of physical exercise.

Main Methods: Fischer 344 rats were distributed in the following groups: Young (3 months old); Sedentary Old (Old, 27 months old); and Old Exercised (Old-Exe, 27 months old), which were subjected to a short-term exercise training protocol.

Key Findings: The results showed that the old rats presented glucose intolerance without increased adiposity.

Acute physical exercise increases the adaptor protein APPL1 in the hypothalamus of obese mice.

Adiponectin is considered an adipokine that has essential anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitivity actions. The adaptor protein containing the pleckstrin homology domain, the phosphotyrosine-binding domain, and leucine zipper motif 1 (APPL1) is a protein involved in adiponectin signaling that plays a role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. In the central nervous system, adiponectin can potentiate the effects of leptin in the arcuate proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons.

Impaired insulin signaling and spatial learning in middle-aged rats: The role of PTP1B.

The insulin and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) signaling in the hippocampus promotes synaptic plasticity and memory formation. On the other hand, aging is related to the cognitive decline and is the main risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is related to several deleterious processes in neurons and emerges as a promising target for new therapies.

Overexpression of Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3 (MKP-3) reduces FoxO1 phosphorylation in mice hypothalamus.

The mitogen-activated kinase phosphatase-3 (MKP-3) has gained great importance in the scientific community by acting as a regulator of the cell cycle through dephosphorylation of FoxO1, an important transcription factor involved in the insulin intracellular signaling cascade. When dephosphorylated and translocated to the nuclei, FoxO1 can promote the transcription of orexigenic neuropeptides (NPY/AgRP) in the hypothalamus, whereas insulin signaling is responsible for the disruption of this process. However, it is not understood if the hypothalamic activation of MKP-3 affects FoxO1 phosphorylation, and we hypothesized that MKP-3 overexpression reduces the capacity of the insulin signal to phosphorylate FoxO1.

High Dosage of Vitamin D Regulates the Energy Metabolism and Increases Insulin Sensitivity, but are Associated with High Levels of Kidney Damage.

Preclinical Research Metabolic disorders are responsible for more than 60% of all deaths worldwide. Calcitriol or vitamin D (vitD) deficiency is associated with a large proportion of these diseases is an important therapeutic target for exploration. This study evaluated the administration of high doses of vitD (3000 IU/kg) in obese and insulin-resistant C57BL/6J mice.