Programmed cell death ligand 1 expression associated with subtypes of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder among pediatric kidney transplant recipients.

Background: Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on tumor cells engages the PD-1 receptor on T cells, inhibiting anti-tumor responses. PD-L1 has been detected in cases of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) but reports are limited. Here we examine PD-L1 expression and evaluate for clinical correlations.

Tissue expander-stimulated lengthening of arteries for the treatment of midaortic syndrome in children.

Background: Midaortic syndrome (MAS) is a rare condition characterized by stenosis of the abdominal aorta. Patients with disease refractory to medical management will usually require either endovascular therapy or surgery with use of prosthetic graft material for bypass or patch angioplasty. We report our early experience with a novel approach using a tissue expander (TE) to lengthen the normal native arteries in children with MAS, allowing primary aortic repair without the need for prosthetic graft material.