Trade-offs and synergies when balancing economic growth and globalization for sustainable development goals achievement.

This study investigates the complex relationships between globalization, economic growth, urbanization, and ecological footprint in the context of advancing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Employing a club convergence framework, we evaluate global SDG Index from 2000 to 2023 for 149 countries with 3212 observations, identifying five converging clubs and one non-converging group. Our analysis demonstrates that higher GDP per capita and various dimensions of globalization positively impact SDG outcomes, whereas rapid urbanization and expansive ecological footprints exert negative influences.

[Comment to the article of Gábor Kapócs and Dániel Bacsák].

No abstract available.