A variable heart rate multi-compartmental coupled model of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Current mathematical models of the cardiovascular system that are based on systems of ordinary differential equations are limited in their ability to mimic important features of measured patient data, such as variable heart rates (HR). Such limitations present a significant obstacle in the use of such models for clinical decision-making, as it is the variations in vital signs such as HR and systolic and diastolic blood pressure that are monitored and recorded in typical critical care bedside monitoring systems. In this paper, novel extensions to well-established multi-compartmental models of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are proposed that permit the simulation of variable HR.

In Situ Analyses of Surface-Layer Composition of CxNy Thin Films Using Methods Based on Penning Ionization Processes-Introductory Investigations.

Carbon nitride materials have received much attention due to their excellent tribological, mechanical and optical properties. It was found that these qualities depend on the N/C ratio; therefore, the possibility to control it in situ in the sputtered film is of high importance. The plasma-electron spectroscopy method based on the Penning ionization process analysis is developed here to control this ratio in CN films produced by plasma-sputtering in a pulsed-periodic regime of glow discharge.

Pulsed Laser Deposition of Bismuth Vanadate Thin Films-The Effect of Oxygen Pressure on the Morphology, Composition, and Photoelectrochemical Performance.

Thin layers of bismuth vanadate were deposited using the pulsed laser deposition technique on commercially available FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide) substrates. Films were sputtered from a sintered, monoclinic BiVO pellet, acting as the target, under various oxygen pressures (from 0.1 to 2 mbar), while the laser beam was perpendicular to the target surface and parallel to the FTO substrate.

The diphenylpyrazole compound anle138b blocks Aβ channels and rescues disease phenotypes in a mouse model for amyloid pathology.

Alzheimer's disease is a devastating neurodegenerative disease eventually leading to dementia. An effective treatment does not yet exist. Here we show that oral application of the compound anle138b restores hippocampal synaptic and transcriptional plasticity as well as spatial memory in a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease, when given orally before or after the onset of pathology.

[Consolidation, reactivation and reconsolidation of memory].

In this review the data on consolidation and reconsolidation of memory by its reactivation (reminding) by a conditional stimulus or context are presented. A special attention is paid to "time windows" when amnesic and other interventions during memory reconsolidation become effective. The similarities and differences between consolidation of original learning and repeated consolidation (reconsolidation) during reactivation of memory by a conditional stimulus or context are considered.

[Molecular and cellular mechanisms of depression. Role of glucocorticoids, cytokines, neurotransmitters, and trophic factors in genesis of depressive disorders].

Here we review modern data on appearance and maintenance of depression at different levels of the body. We discuss a role of impairments of emotional and motivation mechanisms of adaptive behavior in genesis of depression. We demonstate an interaction of stress response and neuroinflammatory processes in pathogenesis of depression and analyze the effects of these molecular cascades on neurotrophic support of the central mechanisms of memory and neurogenesis.

Heterogeneous vibrational relaxation of carbon monoxide.

The first results relating to heterogeneous vibrational relaxation of carbon monoxide in an Al2O3 ceramics tube are reported, together with an estimation of its probability. It was found that the probability of heterogeneous relaxation εv of the first-excited state of CO on the Al2O3 surface lies in the range (5 to 7) × 10(-2). The measurements show that the probabilities of heterogeneous relaxation of CO(X(1)Σ, v) do not depend on the value of v, at least for v = 1, 2 and 3.

[Aggressive behavior in animal models].

A review. Current models of aggressive behavior in animals are described. They include aggression due to social isolation; territorial aggression in pair "intruder-resident"; aggression elicited by direct electrical stimulation of the brain; maternal aggression; learned aggression and genetic models.

Stroke burden in adults in Armenia.

We investigated around 100 patients for one-year and then registered the information about the possible etiology of the stroke, type of disease, treatment, localization of the clot, age, as well as gender distribution of stroke patients' population. This general overview of risk factors, ways of treatment, diagnostics, care and monitoring of the stroke patients in Armenia might serve as a cornerstone work for further highlighting of new avenues for stroke treatment.

[Extra-anatomical bypass grafting from the ascending to the descending aorta combined with removal of the thoracic-aorta stent graft and a para-aortic abscess following endoscopic repair of the descending portion of the thoracic aorta].

The outcomes of reconstructive repair operations for aneurysms of the descending portion of the thoracic aorta typically appear to be relatively satisfactory. However, a certain cohort of patients presenting with the pathology concerned require repeated secondary interventions due to the development of false aneurysms in the area of the anastomosis and infection of the synthetic vascular stent graft, with the number of such patients steadily increasing with each year. The authors describe herein a clinical case report regarding successful treatment of a patient diagnosed with an infected pseudoaneurysm of the descending portion of the thoracic aorta after an endovascular repair operation.

[Serotonin and impulsivity (experiments on animals)].

In the current paper a role of the serotinergic system in organization of impulsive behaviour in animals was considered. The results of influence of antagonists and agonists of the different types and subtypes of 5-HT receptors (1A, B; 2A, B, C; 7) and the effects of the dorsal raphe nuclei lesions on characteristics of impulsivity related with a motor control, mechanisms of attention, reinforcement and decision making were summarized. The data on knock-out animals and the experiments with microdialysis have been also considered.

[Study of extracellular concentration of dopamine and its metabolites in mice striatum by a microdialysis technique at intraperitoneal administration of MPTP].

In this paper a structure of a microdialytic cannula inserted into brain areas just before a microdialysis is described. The cannula used allowed to find out a correspondence of behavioral and biochemical changes in C57BL/6 mice at various time intervals after a single dose administration (20 mg/kg) of the neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, without any additional pharmacological actions enhancing an extracellular striatal dopamine concentration. Immediately after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1.

[A long-term posttetanic potentiation of hippocampal evoked potentials under conditions of enriched environment].

The influence of enriched environment on the long-term posttetanic potentiation of hippocampal evoked potentials is discussed. The attention is focused on the effects of novelty, aging and the influence of enriched environment on synaptic processes in hippocampal neurons in transgenic animals. The evidence that the exposure to the enrichment of the environments prevents the negative effects of stress and other unfavorable factors on the long-term posttetanic potentiation, learning and memory is presented.

[Cooperative neuronal activity of the n. accumbens and the frontal cortex in cats trained to choose stimuli of various value].

It was shown that the two-way interaction between neurons of the frontal cortex and n. accumbens progressively increases, whereas their regularity simultaneously decreases with the rise in impulsiveness and drop in self-control in behavior. In case of the long-latency instrumental reactions, a control of the frontal cortex neurons by neurons of the n.

[Individual behavior depending on reinforcement prediction errors and environmental uncertainty].

Different types of individual behavior are described in terms of under- or overestimation of reinforcement characteristics by the brain under conditions of uncertainty of reinforcement presentation. The following important biological characteristics of a subject are discussed, such as anxiety, fear, neuroticism, impulsiveness, self-control and psychoticism that determine the main individual-typological features in human and animals. Some modern biological theories of "individuality" and recent animal studies of neuronal activity of the frontal cortex and striatum depending on validity and delay of reinforcement are analyzed.

Orientation sensitive properties of visually driven neurons in extrastriate area 21a of cat cortex.

Orientation sensitive properties of extrastriate area 21a neurons were investigated. Special attention was paid to the qualitative characteristics of neuron responses to the different orientations of visual stimulus motion across neuron classical receptive fields (CRF). The results of experiments have shown that a group of neurons (31%) in area 21a with specialized responses to moving visual stimuli changed their direction selective (DS) characteristics depending on the orientation of the stimulus movement.

[Organization of interneuronal relationships in the nucleus accumbens during impulsive and self-control behavior in cats].

Under conditions of a choice between a high-valuable delayed and a low-valuable immediate food rewards, cats were divided into 3 groups on the basis of their individual strategy of behavior: (1) choosing predominantly the high-valuable reward because of inhibition of the instrumental response (capable of self-control), (2) choosing predominantly the immediate low-valuable reward (impulsive), and (3) with a mixed pattern of reactions (ambivalent). Coherent activity of nucleus accumbens neurons which was a characteristic of interactions between nearby cells was assessed by the method of crosscorrelation. It was found that the total number of interneuronal interactions in cats capable of self-control exceeded that displayed by impulsive cats.

[An analysis of hospital mortality of casualties with combined cerebro-cranial traumas in St. Petersburg and problems of the quality of medical care].

Clinico-statistical characterization of 661 subjects who died from combined cerebro-cranial traumas in hospitals of St. Petersburg in 2004 is presented with an analysis of the quality of medical care rendered to them. Most of those subjects had severe combined injuries with dominating or markedly seen signs of combined cerebro-cranial traumas.

[The experimental models of Parkinson's disease in animals].

The current review describes the modem Parkinson's disease models in animals, their advantages, limitations and disadvantages. It was noted that the most widespread up-to-date models based on etiology of the Parkinson's disease. Although toxins mostly produce the Parkinson's disease, a study of involved genes allows investigating not only inherited but also sporadic (not inherited) forms of disease since the same genes are involved in both cases.

[Significance of motivation balance for a choice of dog's behavior under conditions of environmental uncertainty].

Two experimental models with a choice between two reinforcements were used for assessment of individual typological features of dogs. In the first model dogs were given the choice of homogeneous food reinforcements: between less valuable constantly delivered reinforcement and more valuable reinforcement but delivered with low probabilities. In the second model the dogs had the choice of heterogeneous reinforcements: between performing alimentary and defensive reactions.

[Assessment of "impulsive" behavior by the method with time calculation].

In this paper the problem of "impulsive" and "self-control" behaviour in animals and the experimental models for their assessment are discussed. It is pointed out that a widely accepted model for assessment of impulsive behaviour in animals predominantly measures their ongoing properties of impulsivity/self-control independently on belonging them to the certain types of higher nervous activity. In contrary, our model at the first instance assesses the typological characteristics of animals, including impulsivity and self-control, by their abilities to perform or not to perform an appropriate behaviour.

[Clinico-roentgenological semiotics of the chest damage in polytrauma].

There are presented the main clinico-roentgenological signs of the chest damage in the injured persons, suffering polytrauma, according to the data from the specialized department of traumatic shock and polytrauma.

[Influence of blockade of the dopaminergic D1/D2 receptors on choice behaviour at different by validity reinforcements in cats].

The influence of two selective antagonists of the dopaminergic receptors, raclopride (D2) and SCH 23 390 (D1) on behavior of "impulsive" and "self-controlled" cats was similar directed. A selective blockade of the dopaminergic D1/D2 receptors by use of raclopride and SCH 23 390 changed a behavioural choice strategy of two different by validity and delay reinforcements in impulsive cats, but did not change it substantially in "self-controlled" animals. Increase of doses of raclopride and SCH 23 390 led to decrease of a part of the short-latency and increase of a part of the long-latency reactions (pedal pressings) in a total number of all effective responses.

Spatial summation processes in the receptive fields of visually driven neurons of the cat's cortical area 21a.

The spatial summation in receptive fields (RF) of single neurons in cat's extrastriate area 21a was investigated as a basic neurophysiological substrate for central integration processing of visual information. The results showed that the majority of investigated neurons changed their response patterns with gradual increase of applied stimulus size. In approximately 82% of cases the suppression of neuron discharges was observed when the length of the moving strip exceeded that of the RF.