Redox Properties of Structural Fe in Clay Minerals: 4. Reinterpreting Redox Curves by Accounting for Electron Transfer and Structural Rearrangement Kinetics.

Iron-bearing smectite clay minerals can act as electron sources and sinks in the environment. Previous studies using mediated electrochemical analyses to determine the reduction potential () values of smectites observed that the relationship between the structural Fe/Fe ratio in the smectite and varied based on the redox history of the smectite. We hypothesize that this behavior, referred to as redox hysteresis, results from the smectite particles not equilibrating with the applied over the course of the experiment (∼30 min).

VISIT STROKE: non-inferiority of telemedicine-based neurological consultation for post-acute stroke patients - protocol of a prospective observational controlled multi-center study.

Background: Telemedicine provides specialized medical expertise in underserved areas where neurological expertise is frequently not available on a daily basis for hospitalized stroke patients. While tele-consultations are well established in acute stroke assessment, the value of telemedicine-based ward-rounds in the subsequent in-patient stroke management is unknown.

Methods: Four telemedicine stroke networks in Germany, implemented in eight out of 16 federal states, participate in this prospective observational multi-center study.

Myoelectric interface for neurorehabilitation conditioning to reduce abnormal leg co-activation after stroke: a pilot study.

Background: The ability to walk is an important factor in quality of life after stroke. Co-activation of hip adductors and knee extensors has been shown to correlate with gait impairment. We have shown previously that training with a myoelectric interface for neurorehabilitation (MINT) can reduce abnormal muscle co-activation in the arms of stroke survivors.

Thin-Film Composite Membranes for Hydrogen Evolution with a Saline Catholyte Water Feed.

Hydrogen gas evolution using an impure or saline water feed is a promising strategy to reduce overall energy consumption and investment costs for on-site, large-scale production using renewable energy sources. The chlorine evolution reaction is one of the biggest concerns in hydrogen evolution with impure water feeds. The "alkaline design criterion" in impure water electrolysis was examined here because water oxidation catalysts can exhibit a larger kinetic overpotential without interfering chlorine chemistry under alkaline conditions.

Myoelectric interface for neurorehabilitation conditioning to reduce abnormal leg co-activation after stroke: a pilot study.

Background: The ability to walk is an important factor in quality of life after stroke. Co-activation of hip adductors and knee extensors has been shown to correlate with gait impairment. We have shown previously that training with a myoelectric interface for neurorehabilitation (MINT) can reduce abnormal muscle co-activation in the arms of stroke survivors.

Purification of Active Photosystem I-Light Harvesting Complex I from Plant Tissues.

This method is used to isolate Photosystem I (PSI) together with the Light Harvesting Complex I (LHCI), its native antenna, from plants. PSI-LHCI is a large membrane protein complex coordinating hundreds of light harvesting and electron transport factors and is the most efficient light harvesting system found in nature. Photons absorbed by the four LHCA antenna proteins that make up LHCI are transferred through excitonic interaction to the PSI core reaction center and are used to facilitate light-driven charge separation across the thylakoid membrane, providing reducing power and energy for carbon fixation in photoautotrophic organisms.

A Managed Care System with Telemedicine Support for Neurological Emergencies.

Objectives: Telemedicine is frequently used to provide remote neurological expertise for acute stroke workup and was associated with better functional outcomes when combined with a stroke unit system-of-care. We investigated whether such system-of-care yields additional benefits when implemented on top of neurological competence already available onsite.

Methods: Quality improvement measures were implemented within a "hub-and-spoke" teleneurology network in 11 hospitals already provided with onsite or telestroke expertise.

Disentangling the size-dependent redox reactivity of iron oxides using thermodynamic relationships.

Nanoparticles often exhibit size-dependent redox reactivities, with smaller particles being more reactive in some cases, while less reactive in others. Predicting trends between redox reaction rates and particle sizes is often complicated because a particle's dimensions can simultaneously influence its aggregation state, reactive surface area, and thermodynamic properties. Here, we tested the hypothesis that interfacial redox reaction rates for nanoparticles with different sizes can be described with a single linear free-energy relationship (LFER) if size-dependent reactive surface areas and thermodynamic properties are properly considered.

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Analyses of Ion Intercalation/Deintercalation Using Different Temperatures on NiHCF Electrodes for Battery Electrode Deionization.

Prussian blue analogues are used in electrochemical deionization due to their cation sorption capabilities and ion selectivity properties. Elucidating the fundamental mechanisms underlying intercalation/deintercalation is important for the development of ion-selective electrodes. We examined the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of nickel hexacyanoferrate electrodes by studying different temperatures effects on intercalation/deintercalation with monovalent ions (Li, Na, K, and NH) relevant to battery electrode deionization applications.

The structure of the Physcomitrium patens photosystem I reveals a unique Lhca2 paralogue replacing Lhca4.

The moss Physcomitrium patens diverged from green algae shortly after the colonization of land by ancient plants. This colonization posed new environmental challenges, which drove evolutionary processes. The photosynthetic machinery of modern flowering plants is adapted to the high light conditions on land.

Influence of Hydrotropes on the Solubilities and Diffusivities of Redox-Active Organic Compounds for Aqueous Flow Batteries.

In this study, we explored the extent to which hydrotropes can be used to increase the aqueous solubilities of redox-active compounds previously used in flow batteries. We measured how five hydrotropes influenced the solubilities of five redox-active compounds already soluble in aqueous electrolytes (≥0.5 M).

Metal-Ion Depletion Impacts the Stability and Performance of Battery Electrode Deionization over Multiple Cycles.

Prussian blue hexacyanoferrate (HCF) materials, such as copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) and nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF), can produce higher salt removal capacities than purely capacitive materials when used as electrode materials during electrochemical water deionization due to cation intercalation into the HCF structure. One factor limiting the application of HCF materials is their decay in deionization performance over multiple cycles. By examining the performance of CuHCF and NiHCF electrodes at three different pH values (2.

Acute neurological care in north-east Germany with telemedicine support (ANNOTeM): protocol of a multi-center, controlled, open-label, two-arm intervention study.

Background: Both diagnosis and treatment of neurological emergencies require neurological expertise and are time-sensitive. The lack of fast neurological expertise in regions with underserved infrastructure poses a major barrier for state-of-the-art care of patients with acute neurological diseases and leads to disparity in provision of health care. The main purpose of ANNOTeM (acute neurological care in North East Germany with telemedicine support) is to establish effective and sustainable support structures for evidence based treatments for stroke and other neurological emergencies and to improve outcome for acute neurological diseases in these rural regions.

Role of Carbonate in Thermodynamic Relationships Describing Pollutant Reduction Kinetics by Iron Oxide-Bound Fe.

The reduction of environmental pollutants by Fe bound to iron oxides is an important process that determines pollutant toxicities and mobilities. Recently, we showed that pollutant reduction rates depend on the thermodynamic driving force of the reaction in a linear free energy relationship that was a function of the solution pH value and the reduction potential, , of the interfacial Fe/Fe redox couple. In this work, we studied how carbonate affected the free energy relationship by examining the effect that carbonate has on nitrobenzene reduction rates by Fe bound to goethite (α-FeOOH).

Surveying Manganese Oxides as Electrode Materials for Harnessing Salinity Gradient Energy.

The potential energy contained in the controlled mixing of waters with different salt concentrations (i.e., salinity gradient energy) can theoretically provide a substantial fraction of the global electrical demand.

Improving the Thermodynamic Energy Efficiency of Battery Electrode Deionization Using Flow-Through Electrodes.

Ion intercalation electrodes are being investigated for use in mixed capacitive deionization (CDI) and battery electrode deionization (BDI) systems because they can achieve selective ion removal and low energy deionization. To improve the thermodynamic energy efficiency (TEE) of these systems, flow-through electrodes were developed by coating porous carbon felt electrodes with a copper hexacyanoferrate composite mixture. The TEE for ion separation using flow-through electrodes was compared to a system using flow-by electrodes with the same materials.

Electrochemical Desalination Using Intercalating Electrode Materials: A Comparison of Energy Demands.

One approach for desalinating brackish water is to use electrode materials that electrochemically remove salt ions from water. Recent studies found that sodium-intercalating electrode materials (i.e.

Few-Layer Clayenes for Material and Environmental Applications.

Here, we coined the term "clayene" for a single layer of clay and "few-layer clayene" for clays with 2-10 layers. Few-layer clayenes, which are Fe-rich and mica-type, were prepared hydrothermally at 200 °C and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) to determine the crystalline phases and morphology, respectively. Chemical composition by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the iron-rich mica composition, and the latter also revealed the presence of both Fe and Fe.

Electro-Forward Osmosis.

The impact of ion migration induced by an electrical field on water flux in a forward osmosis (FO) process was examined using a thin-film composite (TFC) membrane, held between two cation exchange membranes. An applied fixed current of 100 mA (1.7 mA cm) was sustained by the proton flux through the TFC-BW membrane using a feed of 34 mM NaCl, and a 257 mM NaCl draw solution.

A biochemical framework for anaerobic oxidation of methane driven by Fe(III)-dependent respiration.

Consumption of methane by aerobic and anaerobic microbes governs the atmospheric level of this powerful greenhouse gas. Whereas a biochemical understanding of aerobic methanotrophy is well developed, a mechanistic understanding of anaerobic methanotrophy has been prevented by the unavailability of pure cultures. Here we report a biochemical investigation of Methanosarcina acetivorans, a methane-producing species capable of anaerobic methanotrophic growth dependent on reduction of Fe(III).