The implications of crustal architecture and transcrustal upflow zones on the metal endowment of a world-class mineral district.

Earth's mineral deposits show a non-uniform spatial distribution from the craton-scale, to the scale of individual mineral districts. Although this pattern of differential metal endowment is underpinned by lithospheric-scale processes the geological features that cause clustering of deposits remains enigmatic. The integration of geological and geophysical (seismic, gravity, and magnetotelluric) features has produced the first whole-of-crust image through an iconic Neoarchean volcanic complex and mineral district in the Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Superior Province, Canada.

Helicopter Crashes in the Deployed Combat Setting: The Department of Defense Trauma Registry Experience.

Background: Military helicopter mishaps frequently lead to multiple casualty events with complex injury patterns. Data specific to this mechanism of injury in the deployed setting are limited. We describe injury patterns associated with helicopter crashes.

Generating Competent Special Operations Clinicians From Military Graduate Medical Education.

Units within the Special Operations Forces (SOF) community require medically competent and operationally proficient medical providers (physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners, among others) to support complex mission sets. The expectations placed on providers who successfully assess for and are selected into these units are high. These providers are not only expected to be experts in their respective subspecialities, but also to serve as staff officers, provide medical direction for SOF medics, serve as medical advisors to the command team, and provide direct medical support for kinetic operations.

Trans-crustal structural control of CO-rich extensional magmatic systems revealed at Mount Erebus Antarctica.

Erebus volcano, Antarctica, with its persistent phonolite lava lake, is a classic example of an evolved, CO-rich rift volcano. Seismic studies provide limited images of the magmatic system. Here we show using magnetotelluric data that a steep, melt-related conduit of low electrical resistivity originating in the upper mantle undergoes pronounced lateral re-orientation in the deep crust before reaching shallower magmatic storage and the summit lava lake.

Prehospital Intervention Analysis of Helicopter Crashes in Afghanistan.

Background: Based on isolated case reports, military helicopter mishaps often result in multiple critical casualties leading to complicated stabilization and evacuation by healthcare providers. The aim of this retrospective descriptive analysis is to describe the incidence of common prehospital injuries associated with rotary wing crashes in order to improve mission planning and casualty survivability.

Methods: This is a secondary analysis of data from the Prehospital Trauma Registry and the Department of Defense Trauma Registry (DoDTR) from April 2003 through May 2019.

Analysis of Prehospital Administration of Blood Products to Pediatric Casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Background: Hemorrhage is one of the leading causes of preventable death in both military and civilian trauma. Implementation of items such as tourniquets and hemostatic dressings are helpful in controlling hemorrhage and increasing the survival rate of casualties when such injuries occur. Prehospital blood transfusions are used to treat patients with severe injuries where the standard methods of hemorrhage control are not an effective form of treatment.

Pediatric Prehospital Wound Prophylaxis in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Background: Infectious complications of war wounds are a significant source of mortality and morbidity. Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) guidelines recommend prehospital moxifloxacin, ertapenem, or cefotetan for "all open combat wounds." We describe the prehospital administration of antibiotics to pediatric trauma patients.

An analysis of the pediatric casualties undergoing massive transfusion in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Background: Existing data on pediatric massive transfusion as part of trauma resuscitation is limited. We report the characteristics of pediatric casualties associated with undergoing massive transfusion at US military treatment facilities during combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Methods: We queried the Department of Defense Trauma Registry (DODTR) for all pediatric subjects admitted to US and Coalition fixed-facility hospitals in Iraq and Afghanistan from January 2007 to January 2016.

Normobaric hyperoxia in wartime pediatric trauma casualties.

Background: Mounting evidence suggests hyperoxia therapy may be harmful. We describe injury characteristics and survival outcomes for pediatric trauma casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan, stratified by partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2). Secondarily, we performed subgroup analyses for severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and massive transfusion of blood products (MT).

U.S. Military Medical Evacuation and Prehospital Care of Pediatric Trauma Casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Traumatic injuries were the most common reason for pediatric admission to military hospitals during the recent wars in the Middle East. We describe injury characteristics and prehospital interventions performed on wartime pediatric trauma casualties in Afghanistan and Iraq, stratified by medical evacuation platform. We queried the Department of Defense Trauma Registry (DODTR) for all pediatric (age < 18 years) encounters from January 2007 to January 2016.

Pediatric Prehospital Intraosseous Access During Combat Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Background: Vascular access in critically ill pediatric patients can be challenging with delays potentially leading to worse outcomes. Intraosseous (IO) access has a low rate of complications and can be utilized to administer lifesaving medications. Combat medics are trained to treat adults but may also be required to treat children in the deployed setting.

Prehospital ketamine administration to pediatric trauma patients with head injuries in combat theaters.

Background: Head injuries frequently occur in combat. Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) guidelines recommend pre-hospital use of ketamine for analgesia. Yet the use of this medication in patients with head injuries remains controversial, particularly among pediatric patients.

THAM Administration to Pediatric Trauma Patients in a Combat Zone.

Objectives: Pediatric casualties made up a significant proportion of patients during the recent military conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Damage control resuscitation strategies used by military physicians included rapid reversal of metabolic acidosis to mitigate its pathophysiologic consequences, primarily through hemorrhage control and volume restoration. Alkalizing agents, including tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM), are potential therapeutic adjuncts to treat significant acidosis.

Prehospital Analgesia for Pediatric Trauma Patients in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Background: Previous studies have evaluated prehospital analgesia during combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, but were limited to the adult population. However, a significant portion of the casualties of those conflicts were children. We describe the prehospital analgesia administered to wartime pediatric trauma patients.

The pediatric resuscitative thoracotomy during combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan - A retrospective cohort study.

Background: Combat zone trauma poses a unique set of challenges and injury patterns not seen in the civilian setting. The role of the pediatric resuscitative thoracotomy in combat zones remains unclear given a paucity of data regarding procedure outcomes in this setting. We compare outcomes among children in traumatic arrest undergoing resuscitative thoracotomy versus cardiopulmonary (CPR) resuscitation only.

Emergency department resuscitation of pediatric trauma patients in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Background: Military hospital healthcare providers treated children during the recent conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. Compared to adults, pediatric patients present unique challenges during trauma resuscitations and have notably been discussed in few research reports. We seek to describe ED interventions performed on pediatric trauma patients in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Emergency department imaging of pediatric trauma patients during combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Background: Military hospitals in Iraq and Afghanistan treated children with traumatic injuries during the recent conflicts. Diagnostic imaging is an integral component of trauma management; however, few published data exist on its use in the wartime pediatric population.

Objective: The authors describe the emergency department (ED) utilization of radiology resources for pediatric trauma patients in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Association of prehospital intubation with decreased survival among pediatric trauma patients in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Introduction: Airway compromise is the second leading cause of preventable death on the battlefield among US military casualties. Airway management is an important component of pediatric trauma care. Yet, intubation is a challenging skill with which many prehospital providers have limited pediatric experience.

Modelled evaluation of multi-component meningococcal vaccine (Bexsero®) for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease in infants and adolescents in the UK.

Neisseria meningitidis is the main cause of bacterial meningitis and sepsis in the UK, and can potentially be lethal or cause long-term sequelae. Bexsero® (4CMenB) is a new multi-component vaccine approved by the European Commission for use in individuals aged ⩾2 months. A theoretical transmission model was constructed to assess the long-term effectiveness of Bexsero compared to standard care.

Does place of residence matter? Rural-urban differences and the wellbeing of gay men and lesbians.

Does place of residence matter for gay men and lesbians? Both conventional wisdom and scholarly literature suggests that it does, and that those living in rural areas are disadvantaged relative to their urban peers. This study explores this issue by comparing gay people's wellbeing in rural and urban areas. Results from a large probability sample show that rural gay people fare no worse than their urban peers.

Altered mental status in a U.S. Army Special Forces Soldier.

Special Operations medical provider must be familiar with the differential diagnosis for a patient with altered mental status since it includes multiple life-threatening illnesses. Potential diagnoses include meningitis, encephalitis, malaria and many others. While preparing to evacuate to definitive care from an austere location, they must also be prepared to initiate empiric therapy that is specific to the patient and the area of operations.