Cascaded adaptive integral backstepping sliding mode and super-twisting controller for twin rotor system using bond graph model.

This work presents a bond graph (BG) model and a robust cascaded controller for a twin-rotor system (TRS). The BG model accounts for all the energetic and dynamical couplings. An adaptive integral backstepping sliding mode (AIBSM) controller is used in the outer loop to control the slow yaw and pitch dynamics of the mechanical sub-system whereas a higher-order sliding mode (HOSM) observer-based super-twisting algorithm (STA) controller is used in the inner loop to control the fast electromechanical actuator dynamics.

Immune Augmentation of Single Contact Hepatitis B Vaccine by Using PLGA Microspheres as an Adjuvant.

The present study was aimed to replace the alum type adjuvant for hepatitis B vaccine. The hepatitis B vaccine was encapsulated in poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres by solvent evaporation technique. The formulated microspheres were characterized in terms of morphology, particle size analysis, in vitro release study and in vivo immune response in male Wistar rats.

PIR: a new resource for bioinformatics.

Unlabelled: The Protein Information Resource (PIR) has greatly expanded its Web site and developed a set of interactive search and analysis tools to facilitate the analysis, annotation, and functional identification of proteins. New search engines have been implemented to combine sequence similarity search results with database annotation information. The new PIR search systems have proved very useful in providing enriched functional annotation of protein sequences, determining protein superfamily-domain relationships, and detecting annotation errors in genomic database archives.

The protein information resource (PIR).

The Protein Information Resource (PIR) produces the largest, most comprehensive, annotated protein sequence database in the public domain, the PIR-International Protein Sequence Database, in collaboration with the Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences (MIPS) and the Japan International Protein Sequence Database (JIPID). The expanded PIR WWW site allows sequence similarity and text searching of the Protein Sequence Database and auxiliary databases. Several new web-based search engines combine searches of sequence similarity and database annotation to facilitate the analysis and functional identification of proteins.

PIR-ALN: a database of protein sequence alignments.

Motivation: The Protein Information Resource (PIR) maintains a database of annotated and curated alignments in order to visually represent interrelationships among sequences in the PIR-International Protein Sequence Database, to spread and standardize protein names, features and keywords among members of a family or superfamily, and to aid us in classifying sequences, in identifying conserved regions, and in defining new homology domains.

Results: Release 22.0, (December 1998), of the PIR-ALN database contains a total of 3806 alignments, including 1303 superfamily, 2131 family and 372 homology domain alignments.