Immune response profiles from humans experimentally exposed to bites.

Introduction: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected vector-borne parasitic disease prevalent in 92 countries with approximately one million new infections annually. Interactions between vector saliva and the human host alter the response to infection and outcome of disease.

Methods: To characterize the human immunological responses developed against saliva of , a vector, we repeatedly exposed the arms of 14 healthy U.

A First in Human Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety and Immunogenicity of Two Intradermally Delivered Enterotoxigenic CFA/I Fimbrial Tip Adhesin Antigens with and without Heat-Labile Enterotoxin with Mutation LT(R192G).

Introduction: Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) is a leading cause of diarrhea in travelers as well as for children living in low- to middle-income countries. ETEC adhere to intestinal epithelium via colonization factors (CFs). CFA/I, a common CF, is composed of a polymeric stalk and a tip-localized minor adhesive subunit, CfaE.

A grading system for local skin reactions developed for clinical trials of an intradermal and transcutaneous ETEC vaccine.

Background: Trials assessing the safety of novel vaccine candidates are essential in the evaluation and development of candidate vaccines. Immunogenicity and dose-sparing features of vaccination approaches which target skin and associated tissues have garnered increased interest; for enteric vaccines, cutaneous vaccination has been of particular interest. Cutaneous vaccine site reactions are among the most common and visible vaccine related adverse events (AEs) when skin routes are used.