Midazolam and pethidine versus propofol and fentanyl patient controlled sedation/analgesia for upper gastrointestinal tract ultrasound endoscopy: a prospective randomized controlled trial.

Background And Objectives: The aim of this prospective, randomized study was to compare the standard regimen of midazolam and pethidine administered by the gastroenterologist versus patient controlled sedation with a propofol-fentanyl mixture during upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopic ultrasonography. Our primary end-points were patient satisfaction and patient cooperation assessed by endoscopist.

Methods: Fifty-four consecutive patients, undergoing endoscopic ultrasonography, received sedation with midazolam and pethidine (Group M: n=27) or propofol and fentanyl (Group P: n=27).

Target-controlled infusion during monitored anesthesia care in patients undergoing EUS: propofol alone versus midazolam plus propofol. A prospective double-blind randomised controlled trial.

Background: It has been speculated that midazolam may be effective in reducing the required dose of propofol during sedation.

Aim: To evaluate the sparing effect of midazolam during target-controlled propofol infusion.

Methods: Two hundred-seventy patients undergoing upper endoscopic ultrasound were randomised to receive sedation with propofol plus placebo (group A) or plus midazolam (group B).

Squeezed states in second-harmonic generation.

We consider the process of second-harmonic generation with the nonlinear crystal placed in a resonant cavity. Both the fundamental and the second-harmonic mode are shown to exhibit squeezing. An analysis is made for the general values of the ratio between the damping constants of the two modes.