Mite fauna on apples in southern Brazil - Review and perspectives.

Brazil is among the largest apple producers in the world (Malus domestica Bork, Rosaceae), with production concentrated mainly in the southern of the country. Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Tetranychidae) have economic importance in apple and, recently, Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa) (Eriophyidae), was reported in Brazil. This review aims to delineate the distribution of the acarofauna associated to apple, with emphasis on the main groups of economic importance and their potential natural enemies and highlight the problems related to phytophagous species and management possibilities.

Increased capillary tortuosity and pericapillary basement membrane thinning in skeletal muscle of mice undergoing running wheel training.

To work out which microvascular remodeling processes occur in murine skeletal muscle during endurance exercise, we subjected C57BL/6 mice to voluntary running wheel training for 1 week (1 wk-t) or 6 weeks (6 wks-t). By means of morphometry, the capillarity as well as the compartmental and sub-compartmental structure of the capillaries were quantitatively described at the light microscopy level and at the electron microscopy level, respectively, in the plantaris (PLNT) muscle of the exercising mice in comparison to untrained littermates. In the early phase of the training (1 wk-t), angiogenesis [32% higher capillary/fiber (C/F) ratio; <0.

Proteoglycans and collagen in the intervertebral disc of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

The different varieties of supportive tissues in the intervertebral discs of the rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were investigated with regard to morphology of the collagen fibrils and distribution and localization of proteoglycans (PG). The annulus fibrosus and the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc were structurally closely integrated into the cartilaginous endplates of the vertebral bodies. The collagen fibrils in the intervertebral disc fell into two categories; i.

Notch signaling is involved in the regulation of Id3 gene transcription during Xenopus embryogenesis.

During Xenopus embryogenesis, XId3, a member of the Id helix-loop-helix protein family, is expressed in a large variety of differentiating tissues including epidermis, cement gland, brain, neural tube, neural crest cell derivatives, somites, and tailbud. Transcription of XId3 is mediated by several cis-regulatory elements including an enhancer of 440 bp located 870 bp upstream from the transcription initiation site. The enhancer activity in embryos was studied using transgenic methodology.

Localized XId3 mRNA activation in Xenopus embryos by cytoplasmic polyadenylation.

In Xenopus development, during meiosis and cleavage, the extent of polyadenylation plays a central role in regulating the expression of transcripts and this is mediated by cis regulatory cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements (CPE) in the 3'-UTRs. We have identified a palindromic CPE in the mRNA of Xenopus Id3 which is conserved in the Id genes from other vertebrates. It promotes cytoplasmic polyadenylation and is negatively regulated by sequences further upstream in the 3'-UTR.