Alterations in glucocorticoid inducible RNAs in the limbic system of learned helpless rats.

Glucocorticoids (GC) have an important effect on mood in humans and influence learned helplessness, an escape avoidance paradigm that is considered one of the best animal models of depression. A strong genetic component underlies the development of learned helplessness as shown by the emergence of a line of highly vulnerable rats (LH strain) through selective inbreeding. In addition, hormonal factors play a role.

Differential effect of lithium on fos protooncogene expression mediated by receptor and postreceptor activators of protein kinase C and cyclic adenosine monophosphate: model for its antimanic action.

Lithium salts are the most effective agents used in treating manic-depressive illness. It has been suggested that lithium's therapeutic efficacy could be due to an inhibitory effect on either inositol phospholipid (IP) and/or cyclic nucleotide metabolism. We have investigated the effect of lithium on these two signal transduction pathways in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells by studying a common effector target, expression of the fos protooncogene.

Lithium augments fos protoonocogene expression in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells: implications for therapeutic action of lithium.

It has been proposed that lithium's antimanic action is due to an effect on phosphoinositide metabolism. Second messengers generated by this pathway regulate calcium mobilization and the activity of the serine and threonine kinase, protein kinase C (PKC). Included among the targets of PKC is activation of fos protooncogene expression, a well-established component of the AP-1 transcription factor.

The reconstitution of cell-mediated immunity in the cutaneous lesions of lepromatous leprosy by recombinant interleukin 2.

Human rIL-2 (10-30 micrograms) was injected intradermally into the skin of patients with lepromatous leprosy with high bacillary loads. All patients responded to the lymphokine with local areas of induration that peaked at 24 h and persisted for 4-7 d irrespective of whether the site was "normal skin" or a nodular lesion. Within 24 h there was an extensive emigration of T cells and monocytes into the site.

The nature and kinetics of a delayed immune response to purified protein derivative of tuberculin in the skin of lepromatous leprosy patients.

We have analyzed the nature and kinetics of a delayed, cell-mediated immune response to a purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) in the skin of 154 naturally sensitized patients with lepromatous leprosy. After the intradermal injection of 5 U of PPD, biopsies were taken at 1-21 d and studied for the composition, extent, persistence, and organization of the emigratory cell response by light and electron microscopy. Induration of positive sites occurred promptly, reached a maximum diameter at 4 d, displayed a major extravasatory element, and was evident for as long as 21 d.