Pain management in pediatric age group.

The management of pain in palliative care of children is somewhat different from that in adults. The use of opioids in pediatric palliative care presents some unique challenges. Confident and rational use of opioids, illustrated by WHO Guidelines is essential for adequate management of pain in children with life limiting conditions.

2-Amino-7-nitro-fluorenes in neat and mixed solvents-optical band shapes and solvatochromism.

Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy of amino-nitro-fluorenes in the UV-visible range shows that the dynamic Stokes shift of the emission band is sensitive to infrared-active modes of the solvent. Bandshapes for stationary absorption and emission are needed to quantify the observed spectral evolution. They are reported for 2-amino-7-nitro-fluorene (ANF), 2-dimethylamino-7-nitro-fluorene (dM-ANF), and 2-di(n-butyl)amino-7-nitro-9-di(n-propyl)-fluorene (dBdP-ANF) in a variety of solvents.

Single-molecule studies of diffusion by oligomer-bound dyes in organically modified sol-gel-derived silicate films.

Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy is used to study dye diffusion within organically modified silicate (ORMOSIL) films. ORMOSIL films are prepared from sols containing tetraethoxysilane and isobutyltrimethoxysilane in 2:1 and 1:9 molar ratios. Nile red and a new silanized form of nile red that can be covalently attached to the silicate matrix are used as fluorescent probe molecules.

Synthesis of alkylated aminofluorenes by palladium-catalyzed substitution at halofluorenes.

New N-substituted 2-amino-9,9-dialkylfluorenes optionally bearing electron-withdrawing substituents such as nitro or cyano in position 7 can be synthesized starting from 2-halo-9,9-dialkylfluorenes by Pd-catalyzed substitution with amines. Chiral amino groups can be introduced by this method too. 2-N,N-Dimethylamino-7-nitro-9H-fluorene was obtained in a convenient way by reductive amination.