Biomarkers.

Background: Behavioural changes are among the first symptoms noticeable to the person themselves as they begin to experience cognitive decline. Blood-based biomarkers could potentially be a less invasive and easily detectable biomarker for early identification of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. However, the contributions and pathobiology of blood biomarkers to disease trajectory and prevalence in Asians requires further definition.

Biomarkers.

Background: Factors contributing to cognitive decline in adults include vascular risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes), lower education, age, Apolipoprotein E4(ApoE4) and cerebral hypoperfusion. The interplay between aging and vascular processes disrupts cerebral hemodynamics, heightening the risk of cognitive impairment and neurological disorders. Similarly, ApoE4 gene increases the risk of vascular-related cognitive impairment and small vessel disease.

Biomarkers.

Background: Astrocyte reactivity marked by elevations in Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein(GFAP), was found to increase Phosphorylated Tau181(pTau181) induced neurodegenerative effects in Alzheimer's Disease (Bellaver et al., 2023). Nevertheless, the effect of the GFAP- pTau181 axis in vascular/mixed dementias has yet to be completely elucidated.

Biomarkers.

Background: Perivascular spaces (PVS) are fluid-filled spaces in the brain, hypothesized in promoting clearance of metabolites implicated in dementia through glymphatic system drainage. PVS are classified according to Grades (0-4). Blood-based biomarkers including Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Amyloid β 42/40 (Aβ42/40) ratio have shown promise in diagnosing and prognosing dementia.

Research Agenda for Entrustable Professional Activities Among US Surgical Specialties.

The magnitude of advances in surgical care inspires awe consistent with the impact of these developments on patients' lives. With this comes greater knowledge, new practices, and novel technologies for integration into residency training, making the skillset required of today's residents quite different from those in the past. Competency-based medical education and learner-centered approaches offer innovative and studied methodologies for teaching, learning, and assessment to meet the demands of today's educational environment.