Age and expertise effects in aviation decision making and flight control in a flight simulator.

Introduction: Age (due to declines in cognitive abilities necessary for navigation) and level of aviation expertise are two factors that may affect aviation performance and decision making under adverse weather conditions. We examined the roles of age, expertise, and their relationship on aviation decision making and flight control performance during a flight simulator task.

Methods: Seventy-two IFR-rated general aviators, aged 19-79 yr, made multiple approach, holding pattern entry, and landing decisions while navigating under Instrument Flight Rules weather conditions.

Electrochemical removal of metal ions from aqueous solution: a student workshop.

An environmental electrochemistry workshop program on metal ion removal is described. The program was designed for undergraduate students in chemistry, chemical engineering or environmental science and teaches environmental electrochemistry through a combination of hands-on experiments, understanding of research concepts, completion of project reports and in class discussion. The students are encouraged to quantitatively describe the performance of the electrochemical cells (containing 2-D and 3-D carbon cathodes) and to consider the advantages and shortcomings of electrochemical routes to environmental treatment.