Hemodynamic and pulmonary changes during open, carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum and abdominal wall-lifting cholecystectomy. A prospective, randomized study.

Background: Carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum effects are still controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate cardiopulmonary changes in patients subjected to different surgical procedures for cholecystectomy.

Methods: In this study, 15 patients were assigned randomly to three groups according to the surgical procedure to be used: open cholecystectomy (OC), CO2 pneumoperitoneum cholecystectomy (PP), and laparoscopic gasless cholecystectomy (abdominal wall lifting [AWL]), respectively.

[Analgesia-sedation during extracorporeal lithotripsy (ESWL)].

Personal experience of analgesia-sedation in ESWL is reported, stress being laid on the importance of anxiety treatment by means of premedication with benzodiazepine. In personal experience, this preventive treatment proved very useful in reducing the consumption of opioids and thus in rendering the pain experience of patients undergoing treatment less unpleasant. At the same time it is reported that in some patients it was necessary to administer benzodiazepines with a more marked hypnotic effect.