Imaging of the male reproductive tract: Not so easy as it looks like.

Diagnostic imaging is one of the most important tools in the breeding soundness evaluation of dogs and cats with reproduction problems. In recent years several imaging techniques have been developed, trying to aid the diagnosis and to differentiate between abnormal findings. This review presents the current knowledge on the imaging of normal and abnormal testes, spermatic cord, excurrent duct system, scrotum, accessory sex glands, penis and muscles for protrusion, erection and ejaculation of the dog and of cat.

Clinical, Ultrasonographic, Bacteriological, Cytological and Histopathological Findings of Uterine Involution in Ewes with Uterine Infection.

The objectives of the study were (a) to study the characteristics of uterine involution in ewes that had developed subclinical uterine infection in the immediately post-partum period and (b) to evaluate effects of the infection in the subsequent reproductive performance of ewes. Uterine infection was induced in ewes (I, n = 10) by intrauterine inoculation of ; uninoculated controls were included (C, n = 12). Animals were examined at regular intervals before and post-inoculation.

Advanced ultrasound techniques in small animal reproduction imaging.

Ultrasonography is the imaging technology of choice for the evaluation of the reproduction system and of pregnancy in both humans and animals. Over the past 10 years, there have been significant technological improvements of the equipment, while new technologies have been developed. Doppler, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, elastography, and 3D/4D ultrasonography are advanced ultrasound techniques that have been designed as methods to increase the diagnostic sensitivity of two-dimensional (b-mode) ultrasound, and not as stand-alone tests.