Local infiltration of tramadol as an effective strategy to reduce post-operative pain: a systematic review protocol and meta-analysis.

Objective: The purpose of this review is to evaluate the use and effectiveness of the local administration of tramadol in reducing post-operative pain during surgical interventions.

Methods: The PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases will be searched for this review. This systematic review will include studies evaluating the clinical efficacy of the local infiltration of tramadol, with no study design restrictions.

Neuropathic pain and the endocannabinoid system in the dorsal raphe: pharmacological treatment and interactions with the serotonergic system.

We used a model of neuropathic pain consisting of rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve, in order to investigate whether endocannabinoid levels are altered in the dorsal raphe (DR) and to assess the effect of repeated treatment with (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone mesylate, a synthetic cannabinoid agonist, or N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenamide (AM404), an inhibitor of endocannabinoid reuptake, on DR serotonergic neuronal activity and on behavioural hyperalgesia. CCI resulted in significantly elevated anandamide but not 2-arachidonoylglycerol levels in the DR. Furthermore, as well as thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, CCI caused serotonergic hyperactivity (as shown by the increase of basal activity of serotonergic neurones, extracellular serotonin levels and expression of 5-HT1A receptor gene).

Role of hyperbaric oxygen exposure in reduction of lipid peroxidation and in multiple organ failure induced by zymosan administration in the rat.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy on multiple organ failure induced by zymosan. Administration of zymosan (500 mg/kg) in the rat induced neutrophil infiltration in the lung, liver, and intestine as evaluated by increase in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Therefore, lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in zymosan-treated rats.

Effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in experimental subcutaneous and pulmonary infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

About 80% of nosocomial infections are caused by aerobic bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the Pseudomonadaceae family; P. aeruginosa is responsible for 6-22% of all hospital infections.

Effects of hyperbaric oxygen exposure on a zymosan-induced shock model.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy on zymosan-induced shock in rats. Zymosan, a cell wall component of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, induces inflammation by causing the production of various cytokines and pro-inflammatory mediators. The administration of zymosan to rats represents a new experimental shock model by inducing acute peritonitis, severe hypotension, and signs of systemic illness.